Youth employment challenges are always a critical concern for policymakers. There is recurring and mounting evidence that labour market challenges, such as unemployment, informality, lack of social protection and inactivity, disproportionately affect youths. This complex decision-making process...

In recent years, China's labour market has seen a significant rise of the new forms of employment, which differs in scale, type, and function compared to the developed economies. This study focuses on four emerging forms of the new employment patterns in China, including app-based gig work,...

Concerns about widening inequality have increased attention on the topic of equality of opportunities and intergenerational mobility. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to analyse how educational and income mobility has evolved in the United States of America. We show...

This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and infor­mality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscrip­tions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal employment, vulnerable em­ployment, and the...

Retaining a devoted and skilled workforce has become of paramount importance in China's dynamic and competitive education sector. The consequences of employee turnover bear weight, especially for institutions striving for global excellence, impacting both institutional continuity and the quality...

Disability benefits are costly and tend to reduce labor supply. While costs can be reduced by careful targeting, correcting past eligibility rules or assessment procedures may entail welfare costs. We study a major reform in Hungary that reassessed the health and working capacity of a large...

This paper investigates the role of firms in the transmission of monetary policy to individual labor market outcomes, both the intensive and extensive margins. Using German matched employer-employee administrative data, we study the effects of monetary policy shocks on individual employment and...

This paper investigates the role of firms in the transmission of monetary policy to individual labor market outcomes, both the intensive and extensive margins. Using German matched employer-employee administrative data, we study the effects of monetary policy shocks on individual employment and...

The World Bank has been working closely with the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (MHRSD) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to develop a system-level skills strategy. The MHRSD first started by establishing a Skills and Training Deputyship andallocated resources to start...

This paper proposes a dynamic regulatory framework that adapts to the evolving structural transformation of economies across sectoral, spatial, occupational, and organizational dimensions. It highlights how well-designed and appropriately enforced labor and product market regulations (LMRs and...

People with disabilities represent a significant portion of the global population, and their exclusion from employment and education perpetuates cycles of poverty and inequality, undermining economic development efforts. The analytical report on disability inclusive employment and education in...

Germany has long been portrayed as the best real-world example of an export-oriented economic model associated with a dualized labor market and welfare state. The success of this export-centered model over the last decades has typically been ascribed to competitiveness due to wage restraint and...

We present findings from an at-scale randomized trial of a government program providing public employment services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with up-to-date vacancy information. Before the program, women with relatively less education searched more narrowly with worse labor market outcomes than...

The COVID-19 health pandemic had a profound impact on economies and their labour markets worldwide. This included Ireland, with its labour market experiencing substantial increases in unemployment due to the implementation of a number of public health measures. The labour market disruptions...

This Guidance Note was developed to support Public Employment Services in navigating complex decisions involved in digitalizing employment services. As the role of PES evolves with the need to balance expanded mandates with limited resources, digitalization presents an opportunity to strengthen...

We analyse the long-term impact of hiring subsidies on both job and employment security. The subsidy that we examine was introduced in Italy through the 2015 Budget Law, with the goal of promoting open-ended contracts. We employ a non-linear difference-in-differences (NL-DiD) approach within a...

The report focuses on three main categories of LTC workers: personal care workers, nurses and domestic care workers. It does not cover either informal carers, i.e. those in the social environment of the person in need of care, including a partner, child, parent or other person, who provide care...

In the time covered by this programming document, the European Labour Authority (ELA) will enter the sixth year of its existence. During 2025-2027, ELA will be active in all areas under its remit and will deepen its activities, using the full financial and human resources at its disposal, with...

The launch of this new multiannual programming document for 2025-2028, Supporting better policies for a strong social Europe, follows closely upon the 2024 election of a new European Parliament and the appointment of a new European Commission with a new set of strategic goals guided by three key...

In the time covered by this programming document, the European Labour Authority (ELA) will enter the sixth year of its existence. During 2025-2027, ELA will be active in all areas under its remit and will deepen its activities, using the full financial and human resources at its disposal, with...

This Single Programming Document (SPD) for the years 2025-2027 outlines the steps ENISA will take to enhance the maturity and resilience of cybersecurity in the EU. Firstly, as the EU took legislative steps to strengthen its cybersecurity framework with the aim of protecting its economy, society...

This is the second year for implementation of our current strategy statement 2024-2028. Our vision, chemical safety through science, collaboration and knowledge, has informed the actions presented here and will continue to guide us as we deliver our strategy over the next four years. At the core...

The report presents key data on several selected areas, such as the skillsets required to perform jobs among adult workers, their exposure to digitalisation, and its impact on skills needs and mismatches. Moreover, it also analyses workers' views on how technology may relate to either labour...

Public employment services and active labour market policies (ALMPs) have an important role to play in providing adaptable and responsive support to connect people with jobs. This policy report synthesises findings from a joint OECD-EC project on using linked administrative data to evaluate the...

This annual work programme covers the first year of the programming period 2025-2027. Its structure mirrors the architecture of the EMCDDA Strategy 2025, featuring elements that reflect the EUDA Regulation as explained in Section II. The financial resources required for the work programme will...

The Partnership with Africa is a geopolitical priority for the European Union (EU). The two continents hold close geographical, economic and cultural ties, shared history and interests. The Africa-EU Partnership is the formal political channel for the EU's relations with Africa. The third AU-EU...

The Joint Employment Report (JER) by the European Commission and the Council monitors the employment situation in the Union and the implementation of the Employment Guidelines, in line with Article 148 of the TFEU. The report provides an annual overview of key employment and social developments...

The Multiannual Work Programme (MWP) 2025-2029 and Annual Work Programme (AWP) 2025 provides a general overview of the activities programmed on a multiannual basis in order to fulfil the mandate assigned to the Agency. The MWP 2025-2029 and AWP 2025 includes the relevant sections required by the...

The study presents a review of the current state of practice concerning a broad range of alternative employment models for persons with disabilities, i.e., organisational models that enable persons with disabilities to participate in productive work by using sheltered employment settings....

The study presents a review of the current state of practice concerning a broad range of alternative employment models for persons with disabilities, i.e., organisational models that enable persons with disabilities to participate in productive work by using sheltered employment settings....

The study presents a review of the current state of practice concerning a broad range of alternative employment models for persons with disabilities, i.e., organisational models that enable persons with disabilities to participate in productive work by using sheltered employment settings....

Alternative employment models are organisational models that enable persons with disabilities to participate in productive work by using sheltered employment settings. There is a lot of variety among alternative employment models, which can basically be grouped into: ) - Sheltered workshops :...

According to current macroeconomic models, there is a need to maintain a natural rate of unemployment to contain inflation. Put simply, unemployment is considered an (inevitable) cost of price stability. Even some Post Keynesian economists believe the so-called balance-of-payments (BOP)...

In the first quarter of 2025, the EU's real GDP grew by 0.6% quarter-on-quarter and 1.6% year-on-year, and inflation slowed down to 2.4% in April from 2.8% in January. For the rest of the year, GDP growth is projected to stabilise at 1.1%, while inflation is expected to decline to 2.1%. In the...

This is the main body of the Work Programme. It describes what the agency aims to deliver through its operational and corporate activities during the year 2025 towards achieving its strategy and expected results. A total of eight operational activities and three corporate activities have been...

This is the main body of the Work Programme. It describes what the agency aims to deliver through its operational and corporate activities during the year 2025 towards achieving its strategy and expected results. A total of eight operational activities and three corporate activities have been...

We document the extent to which workers in AI-exposed occupations can successfully retrain for AI-intensive work. We assemble a new workforce development dataset spanning over 1.6 million job training participation spells from all U.S. Workforce Investment and Opportunity Act programs from...