In the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the most important factors with a major impact not only on the productivity and competitive advantage of companies, transforming labour, goods and services, and capital markets, but also influencing the growth of the global...

In the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the most important factors with a major impact not only on the productivity and competitive advantage of companies, transforming labour, goods and services, and capital markets, but also influencing the growth of the global...

Empirical models of trade agreements implicitly assume that withdrawal from a trade agreement has an equal and opposite trade effect as accession, i.e., symmetry. With increasing opposition to international economic cooperation, it becomes urgent to test this assumption. We analyze a...

As governments across the world increasingly undergo digitalisation processes, ensuring cybersecurity of these provisions cannot be 100% guaranteed. How, then, can governments best respond to a cybersecurity crisis in order to bolster cybersecurity in the future? Even Estonia, one of the...

This study explores the economic feasibility and long-term potential of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in multi-apartment buildings across the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) through 2050. Using stochastic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations, it uniquely evaluates the...

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Estonia examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2024 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has...

The VAT Gap represents the difference between expected VAT revenues and those actually collected, reflecting compliance challenges, policy inefficiencies, and enforcement gaps. As part of the European Commission's ongoing efforts to improve VAT compliance and revenue collection, these 27 country...

This report seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of Estonia's integration policy concerning the Roma, to assess the alignment of the policy with the EU Roma Strategic Framework, and identify areas for improvement. The findings are based on qualitative research, including interviews with Roma...

This case study is an analysis of the cross-border labour market in the EE Lääne-Eesti-LV Pieriga/Vidzeme Region. It studies the dynamics of the cross-border labour market from both a statistical and policy perspective and focuses on the cross-border region as a whole. To compensate for the...

The government that took office in April 2023 has stated its main objectives as ensuring Estonia's security, sustainability of public finances, implementing the green transition, decreasing regional disparities, ensuring high quality education, alleviating income inequality and improving the...

There were 32 potential ELD occurrences from the time that the ELD was transposed into Estonian law in December 2007 and 2019. Of these, 14 occurrences involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to water, six involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to land, and 21 involved an...

As stated in Article 8 of the Regulation (EU) 2022/2371 on Serious Cross-Border Threats to Health, ECDC has the responsibility, in coordination with relevant Union agencies and bodies, to conduct Public Health Emergency Preparedness Assessments of all European Union and European Economic Area...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside with the of national authorities and stakeholders to introduce...

The aim is to identify gaps in the monitoring network for Estonia according to the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2881). The analysis is conducted considering the data officially reported by Estonia for the last five years (2019-2023) to EEA's Repornet2. Data has been...

As governments across the world increasingly undergo digitalisation processes, ensuring cybersecurity of these provisions cannot be 100% guaranteed. How, then, can governments best respond to a cybersecurity crisis in order to bolster cybersecurity in the future? Even Estonia, one of the...

This in-depth review presents the main findings of the Commission's staff assessment of macroeconomic vulnerabilities for Estonia for the purposes of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances. It provides technical input to the Commission for the...

Estonia has a regulated fishing sector, with mandatory qualifications for professional coastal fishermen and seafarers. The seafarer qualifications apply to the LSF and DWF fleets. Training programmes focus on sustainability, technical expertise, and compliance with the STCW (for seafarers)....

The Commission carried out a study to look at consumer behaviours concerning food waste and date marking. The study covered over 25000 participants from across all 27 EU Member States, who were asked to report on how they manage food in their daily lives through a survey. Based on their...

This article investigates firms' strategies for international expansion, foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports. We use the framework of Helpman et al. (2004) to illustrate how firm-level productivity differences influence these strategies. We extend this model with multifactor production...

Empirical models of trade agreements implicitly assume that withdrawal from a trade agreement has an equal and opposite trade effect as accession, i.e., symmetry. With increasing opposition to international economic cooperation, it becomes urgent to test this assumption. We analyze a...

As follow-up to the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) working group on social data in fisheries that took place mid-October in 2023, the European Commission decided to prepare National Fisheries Profiles (NFPs) for Member States. NFPs collate a range of social...

Estonia has multiple authorities in charge of the different aspects of the RBMPs, most of them at national levels. The number of competent authorities identified has risen from three to nine since the 2nd RBMPs. All Estonian RBMPs include the objectives of the Floods Directive and the Marine...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management (FRM). It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming to reduce the risk of flood damage in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covered the period 2016-21. The third cycle will cover...

The Floods Directive (FD) established a framework for flood risk management. It foresees 6-yearly cycles aiming at the reduction of the adverse consequences associated with floods in the European Union (EU). The first cycle covered the period 2010-15. The second cycle covers the period 2016-21....

This VET policy brief produced by Cedefop presents a snapshot of vocational education and training policy developments in Estonia between 2020 and the end of 2024. It presents the context and the challenges the country faces, a selection of the latest VET-related statistics, as well as the...

Farm income is a policy-relevant proxy for farm households' viability. Volatile income levels reduce the well-being of farmers and decrease their incentives to produce, invest, and innovate. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the associations between agricultural subsidies, farm...

This Policy Brief offers a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the regulatory frameworks governing platform work in four European countries. The comparative analysis draws upon research conducted by the OECD and the World Economic Forum (WEF) on the principles of good regulation. Adapting...

Estonia has long been held as a leading example of e-Governance. Estonia's ubiquitous e- Governance is enabled by the X-Road, an open-source data exchange layer that allows the secure exchange of data. This paper explores the X-Road integration between Estonia, Finland, the Faroe Islands, the...

The study of wage determinants goes back to the beginning of economic science, with theoretical and empirical foundations providing the basis for the specification of a model of the wage function. Using the OLS method, we study the determinants of real wages for Estonia between 2006Q3 and 2022Q3...

Based on the trust/commitment theory and the customer-based brand equity theory, this study aims to ascertain which of the brand equity drivers of A. Le Coq beer have an impact on attachment and its overall brand equity in the Estonian brewery market. In order to achieve this goal, an empirical...

The imperative need for sustainable development has driven the integration of the circular economy into strategic agendas across diverse industries. The circular economy offers a promising approach to mitigating environmental impacts, reducing costs, and generating alternative revenue streams...

Over the past decade, digitalisation has gained significant attention across various European Union (EU) policy areas, particularly in the energy sector. Along with this, digitalisation can contribute to higher energy security and sustainability of the EU energy systems especially by reducing...

The Territorial Just Transition Plan (TJTP) has helped to create a 'soft' networking structure with a high participation of various regional and local representatives, such as a regional science council, a tourism cluster, an education cluster, etc. These representatives also contribute to the...

The Territorial Just Transition Plan (TJTP) has helped to create a 'soft' networking structure with a high participation of various regional and local representatives, such as a regional science council, a tourism cluster, an education cluster, etc. These representatives also contribute to the...

The Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) is a research tool that is designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union and in Candidate Countries. This narrative report has been produced on the basis of the implementation of the MPM that was carried out...

This country report has been developed as part of the 'European Monitor of Industrial Ecosystems' project of the European Commission, Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs and the European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency. It provides data...

The JRC has established a strong and productive partnership with Estonia in the fields of foresight, energy, smart specialisation, cybersecurity, e-Government, health, agriculture. Through this collaboration, the JRC has worked closely with Estonia's national authorities, research institutions...

The JRC has established a strong and productive partnership with Estonia in the fields of foresight, energy, smart specialisation, cybersecurity, e-Government, health, agriculture. Through this collaboration, the JRC has worked closely with Estonia's national authorities, research institutions...

This Flash Eurobarometer, 'Public opinion in the EU regions' (FL539), was conducted at the request of the Directorate-General for Communication. The survey is designed to assess the views of EU citizens living in each of 194 individual regions across the 27 EU Member States. The survey was built...

Six members took part in the country visit to Estonia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs) and social partners, on the one hand, and the Estonian authorities on the other. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Twenty years ago, our European family grew bigger. On 1 May 2004, the citizens of Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia became citizens of the EU. Overnight, our Union became a greater political, economic and cultural entity, stretching from...