China’s manufacturing capabilities and advancements in reducing electrolyzer costs have sparked both hopes and concerns about its potential to dominate global electrolyzer production and exports. This is often compared to China’s success in solar photovoltaics (PV), where dramatic cost...

Renewable hydrogen has emerged as a cornerstone of the European Union (EU)’s plan to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors. However, like other regions, the EU is facing a demand issue as offtakers have been reluctant to sign offtake agreements given the high costs of renewable hydrogen. Renewable...

This Live Wire focuses on safety concerns associated with hydrogen and its main derivatives: ammonia and methanol. After an exhaustive review of the literature and measures on hydrogen safety, the study summarized here found robust, well-established standards developed by reputable institutions....

This report is an output of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO). CETO's objective is to provide an evidence-based analysis feeding the policy making process and hence increasing the effectiveness of R&I policies for clean energy technologies and solutions. It monitors EU research and...

This paper has been developed as part of the support provided to the Regional Economic Development Agency of Stara Zagora through the EU Coal Regions in Transition Initiatives technical assistance facility START. It is one of three reports exploring opportunities for economic development and...

This evaluation report is part of the interim evaluation of Horizon Europe activities related to the Green Transition. It presents the assessment of the Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking and its predecessor Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking 2 (FCH2) against the evaluation criteria of...

This technical report provides a comprehensive historical analysis of the Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (JU) projects focused on Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Fuel Cell Electric Buses (FCEBs), and associated Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) within the European Union. The FCEV, FCEB...

Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of reactants (hydrogen, air) into water and exhaust heat, thus providing clean energy generation for both stationary and transport uses. In transportation, fuel cells are particularly useful for long-haul heavy-duty vehicles thanks to the shorter re-fuel...

The adverse effects of the climate crisis call for a structural change in the economy toward less environmentally disruptive development pathways. To address decarbonisation, hydrogen seems to be the most promising element to complement renewable energy. However, the dominant technology for its...

Climate-neutral hydrogen is set to play a crucial role in decarbonizing Europe by 2050. Yet, assumptions on hydrogen imports vary widely across existing studies - ranging from fully flexible to fixed import volumes - often neglecting the modalities of future hydrogen trade such as long-term...

Low carbon hydrogen (whether based on renewable or nuclear electricity, or fossil fuels with carbon capture) is a means to decarbonise sectors of the economy which are hard to electrify. Its business model is heavily dependent on government intervention (e.g. mandatory targets, subsidies,...

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution and the current state of the aviation industry, with a particular emphasis on the critical need for this sector to decarbonize. It delves into emerging propulsion technologies such as battery electric and hydrogen-based...

Green hydrogen emerges as a promising solution to the intermittency of renewable energy resources, offering storage and transport capabilities essential for a sustainable energy future. However, establishing a viable supply chain poses challenges due to high conversion costs and logistical...

This paper compares the potential of three countries Morocco, Chile, and Australia to export green hydrogen to the European Union (EU). The three countries are ranked relative to each other based on ten indicators: • The estimated levelized cost of green hydrogen delivery over time • The...

Aim: The purpose of this article is to investigate how hydrogen-based energy will be implemented in the future economy and to find strategic options in the future hydrogen market for multinational enterprises (MNEs) active in the energy sector. Design/Research methods: The current literature on...

Hydrogen energy systems (HES) are increasingly recognized as pivotal in cutting global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, especially in transportation, power generation, and industrial sectors. This paper offers a comprehensive review of HES, emphasizing their diverse applications and economic...

The current electricity challenges in Africa have spurred the interest of governments in incorporating renewable energy sources into the energy mix. The use of hybrid solar energy systems has become a practical choice for electrification. The novelty of the paper is threefold: (i) The Grid/Fuel...

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are surging worldwide due to technology improvements in lithium-based batteries and rising petroleum prices. India's EV3030 campaign aggressively penetrate the Electric vehicle and target share by 30% in 2030. Sarcastically, from the Indian context, the...

Hydrogen and its derivatives are important components to achieve climate policy goals, especially in terms of greenhouse gas neutrality. There is an ongoing controversial debate about the applications in which hydrogen and its derivatives should be used and to what extent. Typically, the...

To ensure sustainable green hydrogen (H2) production, the European Union (EU) has introduced regulatory frameworks, such as the Delegated Act on Renewable Hydrogen. These regulations aim to ensure positive environmental effects through green hydrogen by establishing criteria of additionality, as...

High cost is a significant barrier to the adoption of hydrogen technology in the transportation sector. Using a comprehensive total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis this study evaluates the economic viability of hydrogen fuel cell trucks (FCT) in 2023 and estimates for 2030, in the People's...

Hydrogen is recognized as a pivotal element in the shift toward a low-carbon economy, presenting a clean energy alternative for sectors that are particularly challenging to decarbonize. Nevertheless, hydrogen’s efficacy as a sustainable solution faces constraints due to the potential...

This report's analysis provides detailed information on the global hydrogen market and the cost of producing hydrogen. It quantifies the gap between the costs of financing clean hydrogen projects and the benefits such a project can be expected to yield in the short term. The study explores...

A lot of countries have recently published updated hydrogen strategies, often including more ambitious targets for hydrogen production. In parallel, accompanying ramp-up mechanisms are increasingly coming into focus with the first ones already being released. However, these proposals usually...

We examine the effect of using common concentration measures, such as the HHI after the merger or its change due to the merger (delta criterion), as guidelines to evaluate merger requests. We compare equilibrium merger approvals against those arising if, instead, the competition authority...

The current European energy crisis, prompted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, created an unparalleled set of legislative efforts and regulatory developments in the European Union (“EU”) throughout 2022. Some initiatives were made in response to the crisis while others had been in the...

The potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) based biosensors for water monitoring and early warning is widely recognized. However, the formation of electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) in MFCs typically requires a lengthy time span, and these biosensors are predominantly used in anaerobic...

China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of hydrogen. The country has adopted a domestic strategy that targets significant growth in hydrogen consumption and production. Given the importance of hydrogen in the low-carbon energy transition, it is critical to understand China’s...

Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources is one cornerstone of the energy transition. In certain sectors, green hydrogen will play an important role in the future, as is envisioned in the revised National Hydrogen Strategy recently presented by the German Federal Government. This...

The transition to a hydrogen-based economy is gaining momentum in both Germany and the European Union (EU). Used as an energy carrier, hydrogen holds the promise of freeing hard-to-decarbonise sectors like heavy industry, aviation, and maritime trade from their emissions. At the same time,...

The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies started researching the role of hydrogen in the energy transition in 2020. Since then the interest in hydrogen has continued to grow globally across the energy industry. A key research question has been the extent to which clean hydrogen can be scaled up...

The European Commission has identified hydrogen as a key part of its decarbonisation strategy. The 2022 REPowerEU Strategy set a target of 20MT consumption of renewable hydrogen by 2030. The Commission is keen to promote a single European market in hydrogen, similar to the current one for...

Usage of hydrogen energy is low - just over one in ten has used it - but awareness is high at 82%. Approximately one in ten have never heard of hydrogen energy. The overall image of hydrogen is positive in terms of environmental impact compared to fossil and nuclear energy, although gasoline and...

Usage of hydrogen energy is low - just over one in ten has used it - but awareness is high at 82%. Approximately one in ten have never heard of hydrogen energy. The overall image of hydrogen is positive in terms of environmental impact compared to fossil and nuclear energy, although gasoline and...

In a context of renewed interest in hydrogen as a means of decarbonising hard-to-abate carbon intensive economic sectors, the European Commission announced the objective of 40 GW electrolyser capacity by 2030 producing up to 5 Mt of renewable hydrogen in its Communication "A hydrogen strategy...

Hydrogen is regarded as one of the limited options for decarbonizing the hard-to-abate industrial sector. This work investigates the status and potential of green and blue hydrogen in some major industrial sectors, including oil refining, chemical production, iron and steel production, and...

Japan has adopted several policies that signal its intent to rely on hydrogen to achieve net-zero climate goals. However, many of those same policies are unclear about its support for a transition to green hydrogen. Relying on gray and blue hydrogen without a transition to green hydrogen will...

With its portable, storable, and zero-emission features, hydrogen energy is regarded as one of the most promising alternative energies for the next generation. Along with developing hydrogen technology applications, Japan's pilot experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of a hydrogen...

If a hydrogen economy is to become a reality, along with efficient and decarbonized production and adequate transportation infrastructure, deployment of suitable hydrogen storage facilities will be crucial. This is because, due to various technical and economic reasons, there is a serious...