This FRA Position Paper outlines the Agency's position on the creation of 'return hubs' in non-EU countries for migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU. Considering the serious fundamental rights risks connected with running return hubs, this legal analysis presents the conditions that...

The linguistic obligations imposed by Catalan law on individuals in the framework of trade and consumers relations are not based on the regulation of the co-officiality of Catalan language in the territory of Catalonia. These linguistic obligations are not based on the protection of public...

Did you know that EU citizenship gives you rights and benefits that are in addition to the rights you enjoy as a citizen of an EU Member State? Not only that, but EU citizenship gives you a voice to shape the future of Europe. Here you'll find everything you need to know about the rights you...

Did you know that EU citizenship gives you rights and benefits that are in addition to the rights you enjoy as a citizen of an EU Member State? Not only that, but EU citizenship gives you a voice to shape the future of Europe. Here you'll find everything you need to know about the rights you...

Climate change affects the daily lives of everyone in the EU and has significant environmental, economic, social and health impacts. To tackle this, the European Green Deal was adopted in 2019. This report examines the Green Deal from a fundamental rights perspective, with the aim of protecting...

With temperatures rising and the rate and severity of natural disasters increasing, efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change are accelerating. Pursuant to its commitments under the Paris Agreement, the European Union (EU) has adopted a broad range of measures to reduce greenhouse gas...

The Fundamental Rights Report 2025 provides a comprehensive overview of the state of fundamental rights in the European Union, highlighting major developments and trends in 2024. An introductory chapter provides an overview of the fundamental rights landscape in the EU in 2024 in the changing...

The Fundamental Rights Report 2025 provides a comprehensive overview of the state of fundamental rights in the European Union, highlighting major developments and trends in 2024. An introductory chapter provides an overview of the fundamental rights landscape in the EU in 2024 in the changing...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation of the EESC's Group on Fundamental Rights and the Rule of Law visited Italy on 16-17 October 2024. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically from civil society...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation of the EESC's Group on Fundamental Rights and the Rule of Law visited Italy on 16-17 October 2024. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically from civil society...

Immigrant rights have been found to be better protected in democracies than in authoritarian regimes, but there is no systematic test of different explanations of why this is the case. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap by investigating which features of democratic political systems are...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation from the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group visited Austria on 19 and 20 March 2025. The delegation met with several civil society representatives, specifically civil society organisations...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation from the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group visited Austria on 19 and 20 March 2025. The delegation met with several civil society representatives, specifically civil society organisations...

Five EESC members took part in the visit to Serbia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically of civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions. The aim of this report is to faithfully reflect and reproduce...

Five EESC members took part in the visit to Serbia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically of civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions. The aim of this report is to faithfully reflect and reproduce...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation from the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group visited France on 27 and 28 November 2024. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society...

As part of the EESC's efforts to promote fundamental rights and the rule of law, a delegation from the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group visited France on 27 and 28 November 2024. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society...

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which is binding for the EU institutions and, when they are implementing EU law, Member States, sets out the rights, freedoms and principles that guide the European Union's policies and actions, together with the values set out in the EU...

Mit Blick auf gemeingesellschaftliche Ziele wie Klimaneutralität oder der Achtung von Menschenrechten werden mit Compliance- und ESG-Vorgaben Unternehmen in Deutschland und der EU von den Gesetzgebern zunehmend in die Verantwortung genommen. Durch Gesetze wie etwa dem deutschen...

With the multiple crises unfolding worldwide, the number of refugees has been increasing. One of the fundamental rights central to the well-being and protection of refugees is the "right to work," and this paper aims to investigate how the right to work for refugees evolved from an international...

Deutschland steht, wie andere Staaten auch, vor der Herausforderung, dass politische und gesellschaftliche Präferenzen der Bevölkerung regional stark variieren. Der Föderalismus gilt oft als geeigneter Ansatz, um mit dieser Heterogenität umzugehen. Unsere Forschung identifiziert jedoch eine...

The Poor People's Campaign (PPC) of 1968 was focused on highlighting, and ultimately reducing, poverty in the United States. As part of the campaign, protestors from across the country were transported to Washington, D.C. in 6 separate bus caravans, each of which made stops en route to rest,...

FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews major developments in the field in 2023. Given the backdrop of threats to fundamental rights and freedoms in Europe today, FRA's annual report is a timely review of the most pressing issues. It also presents FRA's opinions on these developments,...

FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews major developments in the field in 2023. Given the backdrop of threats to fundamental rights and freedoms in Europe today, FRA's annual report is a timely review of the most pressing issues. It also presents FRA's opinions on these developments,...

The year 2023 brought both progress and setbacks in terms of fundamental rights protection. FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews developments in the field, identifying both achievements and remaining areas of concern. This publication presents FRA's opinions on the main developments in...

This report provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the Frontex Consultative Forum on Fundamental Rights in 2023. It outlines the main observations and recommendations shared with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex or Agency) and its Management Board in order to...

This report provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the Frontex Consultative Forum on Fundamental Rights in 2023. It outlines the main observations and recommendations shared with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex or Agency) and its Management Board in order to...

Six EESC members took part in the visit to the Netherlands. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Dutch authorities. The aim of this report...

Six EESC members took part in the visit to the Netherlands. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Dutch authorities. The aim of this report...

Six members took part in the visit to Belgium. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Belgian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Six members took part in the country visit to Estonia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs) and social partners, on the one hand, and the Estonian authorities on the other. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Luxembourg welcomes the work of the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group and would like to highlight the constructive discussions that have taken place on 2-3 March 2023 in Luxembourg. While taking note of the observations made in the draft report following this visit, as received on...

Six members took part in the country visit to Estonia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs) and social partners, on the one hand, and the Estonian authorities on the other. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Luxembourg welcomes the work of the EESC's Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law Group and would like to highlight the constructive discussions that have taken place on 2-3 March 2023 in Luxembourg. While taking note of the observations made in the draft report following this visit, as received on...

Six members took part in the visit to Belgium. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Belgian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...

Spyware and other hacking techniques are critical threats to privacy, data protection and democracy in the EU. They serve oppressive agendas against journalists, political activists and human rights defenders.

Spyware and other hacking techniques are critical threats to privacy, data protection and democracy in the EU. They serve oppressive agendas against journalists, political activists and human rights defenders.

EU citizenship is a unique concept. If you are a national of one of the 27 EU Member States, then you are also automatically an EU citizen. This enables you to enjoy certain rights and benefits that are distinct from being a national of an EU Member State. What's more, these rights are valid in...

This report provides an overview of the country visits organised by the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) group in 2022. It deals with six country visits to Greece, Finland, Slovakia, Portugal, Sweden and Slovenia. The report follows the two previous synthesis reports, which covered...

This report provides an overview of the country visits organised by the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) group in 2022. It deals with six country visits to Greece, Finland, Slovakia, Portugal, Sweden and Slovenia. The report follows the two previous synthesis reports, which covered...

EU citizenship is a unique concept. If you are a national of one of the 27 EU Member States, then you are also automatically an EU citizen. This enables you to enjoy certain rights and benefits that are distinct from being a national of an EU Member State. What's more, these rights are valid in...

The year 2023 brought both progress and setbacks in terms of fundamental rights protection. FRA's Fundamental Rights Report 2024 reviews developments in the field, identifying both achievements and remaining areas of concern. This publication presents FRA's opinions on the main developments in...

This report aims to synthesise civil society's views on national trends in fundamental rights and the rule of law, drawing on the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) Group's first cycle of country visits. Covering the 27 EU Member States visited by the FRRL Group between 2018 and...

This report aims to synthesise civil society's views on national trends in fundamental rights and the rule of law, drawing on the EESC Fundamental Rights and Rule of Law (FRRL) Group's first cycle of country visits. Covering the 27 EU Member States visited by the FRRL Group between 2018 and...

Three EESC members took part in the visit to Moldova. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions. The aim of this report is to faithfully reflect and reproduce...

Three EESC members took part in the visit to Moldova. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, more specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), the social partners, the media and the legal professions. The aim of this report is to faithfully reflect and reproduce...

Six EESC members took part in the country visit to Malta. The delegation met with representatives of civil society, namely civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners and the media on the one hand, and several governmental and judicial authorities on the other. The aim of this report is...

Six members took part in the visit to Latvia. The delegation met with several representatives of civil society, specifically civil society organisations (CSOs), social partners, the media and the legal professions, as well as the Latvian authorities. The aim of this report is to faithfully...