Heterogeneous monopolists produce goods using either brown technology, which relies on labor and carbon energy, or green technology, which relies solely on labor. R&D firms enhance productivity using labor to outcompete existing monopolists, thereby driving economic growth. The extraction of...

This study showcases a new class of administrative, geo-spatial data sourced from agricultural subsidy registers as a powerful tool for agricultural policy evaluation. Beyond full national coverage and accurate identification of land use, the key novel feature of GeoSpatial Aid Application...

This paper formalizes the geopolitical externality of climate policy and estimates its plausible magnitudes. Specifically, domestic reductions in fossil fuel demand depress global prices, thereby lowering export revenues for resource-rich autocracies - many of which allocate substantial...

Quad O is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s methane reduction regulation that requires greater producer efficiency when methane is extracted by requiring efficient upstream, midstream, and downstream equipment. There are various times when Quad O was implemented and updated, and...

Environmental policies such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) raise concerns about their impact on local employment and competitiveness. Yet, existing EU ETS studies focus on firm-level outcomes during the initial phases of the program. We construct a panel dataset of about...

Using a novel dataset in a difference-in-differences framework, I study the political implications of the change in policies protecting drought-impacted communities in Tunisia in 3088 districts. In 2016, the Tunisian government had drastically reduced support to farmers affected by droughts. I...

This study offers the first analysis of environmental and climate inequalities at the census tract level in Italy, providing valuable insights into spatial patterns of environmental and social vulnerability. The results highlight significant environmental inequality related to exposure to air...

In this paper, we first test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, using a large sample of approximately 190 advanced and developing countries, over a period of 34 years (1989- 2022). We find that (CO2) emissions respond positively to increasing income per capita, up...

This paper applies a fractional integration framework to investigate the behaviour of the stock returns of two sets of representative US companies with different environmental profiles, namely green versus polluting firms, as well as of the widely used CPU (Climate Policy Uncertainty) index over...

This publication provides an overview about data of the German ⁠PRTR⁠ (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register). For each pollutant, the number of reported facilities and their releases to air, water and land and their off-site transfer in waste water are clearly displayed. Data for...

In responding to these critical questions, this report updates and expands on the 2022 Country Climate and Development Report, particularly in the analysis of climate impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. This report provides updated estimates of adaptation costs, incurred through...

Hazardous air pollution poses significant health and economic challenges for Nepal. Air pollution raises public health concerns in Nepal, particularly in the country's two geographic hotspots: the Kathmandu Valley and the Terai (southern plain areas bordering India). In these two areas, the...

This report provides a better understanding of ways in which to address the gender and social dimensions of climate change in key sectors of the Tajik economy. It focuses on the impact of climate change on vulnerable groups, particularly on women and girls, youth, persons with disabilities, and...

The objective of this note is to discuss the varying sources and impacts of CO2 and non-CO2 gases, place their emissions into context, and discuss ways in which cities can address their contributions to global warming

The empirical evidence for the so-called pollution haven hypothesis, which predicts that inter-country differences in environmental policy stringency will cause pollution-intensive production to relocate to countries with lax environmental standards, has traditionally been weak. However, in...

This paper studies the role of green research and development (R&D) subsidies under different environmental policies. Using a stylized equilibrium model calibrated to the European electricity sector, I analyze the effects of R&D subsidies under (1) an emission tax, (2) an emission cap, and (3)...

This paper documents the evolution of US carbon emissions and discusses the main factors that contributed to the historical carbon emissions rollercoaster. We divide the discussion into four periods - up to 1920, 1920-1960, 1960-2005 and after 2005. For each period, we discuss the main drivers...

Biodiversity is unequivocally declining and chemical pollution is a major driver of its loss. Ecotoxicological studies report various effects of chemicals at different levels of biological organization, mostly individual and sub-organismal levels, while biodiversity is typically measured by...

Climate change is a global-scale structural change, affecting economies across the world, alongside global fragmentation, digitalisation and demographics. This paper analyses the diffusion of climate policies and technologies and the role of institutions and governance in that process. It...

Liability for preventing and remediating environmental damage in Germany is mostly enforced by national liability legislation for preventing and remediating land/soil, water, and biodiversity damage, and environmental permitting and planning legislation. Competent authorities tend to enforce...

Enforcement of national ELD legislation in Finland is low. Between 2013 and November 2021 there had only been one ELD occurrence involving water damage, one ELD occurrence involving an imminent threat of water damage, and two potential ELD occurrences (one involving water damage and biodiversity...

There were 32 potential ELD occurrences from the time that the ELD was transposed into Estonian law in December 2007 and 2019. Of these, 14 occurrences involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to water, six involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to land, and 21 involved an...

By the end of 2018, there had been 146 ELD occurrences in Greece, of which 29 involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to biodiversity, 61 involved water damage, and 69 involved land/soil damage. The number of ELD occurrences since that time is not available. Greece does not have...

Between 1 August 2008, when the ELD was transposed into Portuguese law, and the end of 2020, there were 21 ELD occurrences involving an imminent threat of environmental damage in Portugal; seven involved damage to land, 13 involved damage to land and water, and one involved damage to water....

There were five ELD occurrences in Sweden between 1 August 2007 (when the ELD was transposed into Swedish law) and 30 April 2013. The number of ELD occurrences in Sweden since that time cannot be verified. The Environmental Protection Agency is collecting data to contribute to a new report that...

Czechia has national legislation for preventing and remediating damage to land/soil, waters and nature. Competent authorities tend to implement national environmental liability legislation, including environmental permitting legislation, instead of national ELD legislation. As of November 2021,...

There were no ELD occurrences in Austria between 30 April 2007 and 1 November 2021. Competent authorities considered various environmental damage occurrences to determine whether they were ELD occurrences but determined that they were not such occurrences. In this respect, Austria has very...

Enforcement of national ELD legislation in Spain is moderate.1 Spain had reported 42 ELD occurrences by November 2021. Nineteen occurrences involved damage to land; 17 involved. National ELD legislation is enforced for damage to biodiversity. It is not possible to determine whether competent...

There were four ELD occurrences in Romania before 30 April 2013 and two ELD occurrences between 1 May 2013 and 2017, for a total of six ELD occurrences. Five of the occurrences were environmental damage; one occurrence was an imminent threat of environmental damage. The number of ELD occurrences...

There were two ELD occurrences in Slovenia as of November 2021, cases concerning which were still ongoing as of that date. Twenty-two cases concerning potential ELD occurrences were still open. Of the remaining 20 open cases, the competent authority had issued a final decision in two of them....

There were 506 ELD occurrences in Poland between 30 April 2007, when the ELD was transposed into Polish law, and 30 April 2013. Between 30 April 2007 and 5 November 2021, there were a total of 695 ELD occurrences including 46 ELD occurrences between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2020. The above...

No environmental damage occurrences in the Netherlands have been treated as ELD occurrences even though the Commission considered that the Chemiepack occurrence at Moerdijk was an ELD occurrence. In its report to the Commission under then article 18(1) of the ELD, the Netherlands agreed that the...

There were two ELD occurrences in Slovakia as of November 2021; one occurrence involved environmental damage and the other occurrence involved an imminent threat of environmental damage. Competent authorities tend to implement national legislation for preventing and remediating damage to land/soil,...