With the adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), Argentina had to adapt to the new international rules on patent law. One of the main points of the Agreement is the possibility of establishing different forms of compulsory licenses and...

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) provided for a number of transition periods allowing countries to engage in a phased implementation of their TRIPS obligations. More specifically, transition periods targeted the patenting of pharmaceutical...

Accounting is simply the language of business; like any other field of knowledge, it has its own rules, regulations, and standards, which differ from region to region, country to country, and economy to economy. Having single, universal standards is the dream of many accounting practitioners,...

This Article examines the latest international uniform law initiative on the creation of an International Sales Law for Europe, namely the Common European Sales Law (CESL). It comprises four parts, which correspond to the most complex and important aspects of the project’s novel legal response...

This article takes stock of the regulatory convergence between US antitrust law and EU competition law in the field of international air transport. The analysis draws a distinction between domestic aviation and international aviation and sets the boundaries of regulatory convergence in...

In this paper, intended as a chapter for a study book, attention is given to the notion of harmonisation, its operation in the area of private law and the extent to which harmonisation of private law rules contributes to the development of the internal market

International trade research relies heavily on data reported at the product level. Regular classification updates of the “Harmonized System” lead to intertemporal inconsistencies affecting up to 44% of world goods trade. Existing methods to standardize product vintages either drop numerous...

Data flows are the backbone of today’s diversified value and supply chains. In this timely book, a prominent specialist in transnational commercial and private law explores a developing and evolving area of law related to the role of the digital economy in international trade, making a direct...

We examine the potential role of international agreements on product standards through a stylized model where countries have different regulatory preferences and firms incur fixed costs of regulatory diversity. Overall, our analysis suggests that the common perception of regulatory agreements as...

Der Ausbau des europäischen Marktzugangs gehört zu den wichtigsten Anliegen der Schweizer Finanzdienstleistungsindustrie. Daher stehen die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Drittstaatenmarktzugangs seit vielen Jahren im Fokus der Schweizer Finanzmarktpolitik. Trotz systematischer...

The EU Commission is considering a project for a European Bankruptcy Code. This Article considers what it should cover, how such a Code should relate to Member State private laws, what should be unified or harmonized, and whether the EU has sufficient competency in these matters to complete a...

We find that global financial reporting harmonization is associated with investors overreacting to peer firms’ earnings announcements. Using a sample of 35,116 firm-pair-years from 51 countries between 2000 and 2010, we show that heightened information transfers due to financial reporting...

In the past few years, Singapore has been busy revising, refining, and extending its dispute resolution offerings in cross-border litigation, arbitration, and mediation. In 2017 Singapore offers international parties a full suite of dispute resolution services for commercial cross-border disputes

In this article we explore fault as it has traveled from public enforcement to private enforcement of EU competition law and beyond the implementation of the Damages Directive. We demonstrate how differences between national tort law systems have prevented harmonization of fault in the Damages...

Ist der Unionsgesetzgeber an die Grundfreiheiten gebunden? Darf er Maßnahmen, die auf mitgliedstaatlicher Ebene verbotene Beschränkungen der Binnenmarktfreiheiten wären, EU-weit harmonisieren? Und darf er mitgliedstaatliche Maßnahmen mittels Sekundärrecht autorisieren, die ansonsten in...

Safe food is imperative for the modern market. Safe food means that the process which produced a safe and controlled primarily in the context of the plan of analysis and critical and control points that are under constant surveillance in order to process, if necessary, correct it and got a...

The evolution of accounting regulations in the EU -- Germany -- United Kingdom -- France -- Italy -- Spain -- Denmark -- Sweden -- The Netherlands -- Objectives, overriding principles and relevance -- Financial statements layouts -- Write-down for impairment losses -- Accounting for Capital and...

With the emergence of more and more synthetic substances since the 1960's, and broader use occurring from the 1980's onwards, there has been an increasing commodification of the market in new psychoactive substances (NPS). The European Union took an active stance as regards the regulation of...

In the context of the proposed European CCCTB there is clearly a perceived need for the introduction of a common thin capitalization rule. This rule would be aimed at dealing with inbound investment emerging from both third countries, and from Member States opting out of the CCCTB. The principal...

We explore whether the transparency in banks' lending activities enhances the harmonization of credit terms that a bank offers across its different geographic regions. We take advantage of a novel loan-level reporting initiative by the European Central Bank, which requires repo borrowing banks...

With the adoption and subsequent national implementation of the E-Commerce Directive's safe harbour regime, the architecture set up in Europe for the liability of internet intermediaries for third party copyright infringement has become two-tiered: at a first stage, it is necessary to examine...

As the main tool for the achievement of the proper functioning of the internal market, the Union is focused on the process of harmonization. The role of harmonization in the EU’s internal market is to remove barriers to trade and to facilitate free movement of goods, persons, services, and...

The harmonization of law has long been a topic of scholarly discourse in the sphere of legal and economic development. The interconnectedness of law and economic growth (or decline) is undeniable; however, the role that legal harmonization plays in that relationship is less clearly defined. This...

The World Customs Organization (WCO) and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have begun considering the harmonization of transfer pricing norms among income tax, customs and VAT regimes. Two conferences have been organized in May of 2006 and 2007. These conferences...

Until recently, doing business in developing countries, and in Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, was associated with high risk. Although each investment decision is associated with some risk, there are always obligations incumbent on host States in that regard. However, when domestic law is too...

The paper addresses the delicate issue of 'governance of complexity', which characterizes the present historical moment marked by economic and political uncertainties. The limits of the European federalist conception are taken into account, which are the basis of a recovery of the traditional...

What are the prospects for the upward harmonization of regulatory standards, and why do governments support or oppose more stringent supranational regulation? To answer these questions, this paper examines an important case of upward regulatory harmonization, the European Union's non-financial...

Harmonising Regulatory and Antitrust Regimes for International Air Transport addresses the timely and problematic issue of lack of uniformity in legal standards for international civil aviation.First, it focuses on discrepancies within the regulatory and antitrust framework and possible...