Scholarly literature abounds with the exposition of the role of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in enhancing or reducing global economic welfare, specifically in the context of the WTO. However, the bulk of it is written by economists and predominantly confined to economic analysis....

The international commercial terms (incoterms) are important documents for exporters and importers in minimizing risks during a series of international trades so that rights and obligations are still implemented. Various incoterms documents have their respective functions. The involvement of...

The set of rules governing passing of risk under the 1980 Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has been heavily criticized for its inadequacy in certain occasions, However parties of a contract of sale can choose to deviate from the provisions of the Convention by drafting...

Among the many sources of financial and operational risk in supply chains are the Incoterms®, which are terms of trade used to decide who does what in a cargo movement, when risk passes from seller to buyer and who pays for which part of the movement. Wrong Incoterms® create unexpected costs...

Among the many sources of financial and operational risk in supply chains are the Incoterms®, which are terms of trade used to decide who does what in a cargo movement, when risk passes from seller to buyer and who pays for which part of the movement. Wrong Incoterms® create unexpected costs...

This Article defines usage, as that term is used in the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), in order to consider whether the ICC’s definitions for common delivery terms set forth in the ICC publication Incoterms should be characterized as usage for purposes...

The importance of the institutional dimensions to international trade law over the last decades is brought to light in this volume of previously published articles. The collection focuses on the World Trade Organization (WTO), the most important institution in international trade, and includes a...

The choice of delivery terms in international contracts has significant impact on both physical and financial risks for importers and exporters. This paper considers implications resulting from a recent Australian tribunal case involving transactions based on Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) terms...

The ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) has attempted to replace the current FOB (Free On Board) terms with FCA (Free Carrier) since Incoterms 1990. As the delivery of goods in se almoaborne container cargos is completed inland and not on board the vessel, problems can occur regarding the...

The United States (US) and the European Union (EU) include several environmental clauses in their respective preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Building on an exhaustive and fine-grained dataset of PTAs environmental clauses, this article makes two contributions. First, it show that the US...

The article helps in understanding Incoterms, especially the aspect of "transfer of risk and responsibilities" of the Buyer and Seller in an International Trade transaction. Sometimes the costs associated with an Incoterms may lead to a “false impression” about the responsibilities of your...

Dieses Buch führt in die Grundlagen und Praxis von Handelsklauseln ein. Am Beispiel der Incoterms® 2020 zeigt es, wie Unternehmen ihre Verträge im globalen Handel mit der Wahl geeigneter Handelsklauseln geschickt gestalten können. Unterschiedliche Gepflogenheiten und Missverständnisse...

A fundamental question in contracts that involve the delivery of merchandise is the moment at which the risks inherent to it are transferred. In the international system, business customs consecrated standardized clauses by means of which the contracting parties define the time of that transfer....

Con la globalización las empresas lograron extender sus mercados hacia otros países logrando así distribuir sus servicios alrededor de todo el globo, con lo que a su vez surgió la necesidad de establecer términos que fueran comprendidos, aceptados y aplicables mundialmente a la hora de...

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo obtener conocimientos clave sobre que son los INCOTERMS, de donde surgieron y cuál es su efectividad dentro del comercio Internacional puesto que a veces inclusive en los profesionistas de Comercio Exterior, olvidamos conceptos y aspectos básicos del...

В статье рассматриваются методические основы выбора момента признания дохода от продажи продукции и товаров, учитываемых в российском бухгалтерском учете до...

Although subject to short term fluctuations as a result of the business cycle, the value of trade has continued to grow, reflecting the increased significance of trade and globalization. This paper focuses on the importance of accounting harmonisation on international trade showing the fiscal...

The primary objective of most trade agreements is to restrain members' use of trade policies for protectionist purposes. But it would be pointless to restrict the application of border instruments without regulating the possible use of domestic policies for protectionist purpose. To this end,...

The very definition of "preferential trade agreements" (PTAs) channels our almost exclusive attention to the relation between PTAs and the WTO. Successive PTAs between the same countries -- which we call "double PTAs" -- have largely escaped legal scrutiny. Think of the United States and Mexico...

This chapter reviews the several ways that bilateral and regional trade agreements regulate environmental and labour standards and human rights. It divides these into provisions granting the parties rights to adopt protective measures in the form of exceptions and conflicts provisions and...

The conclusion of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) ninth ministerial meeting — held in Bali 3-7 December 2013 — is at one and the same time momentous, marginal, and business-as-usual. It is momentous because it marks the first multilateral agreement reached in the WTO since the...

If in the first stages of the internalization of business, logistics had a minor influence in the international success of the company. In a globalized economy, strategy and the logistics costs are essential factors for competitiveness. Nowadays, logistics determines the place which a country or...

Los INCOTERMS (Términos de Comercio Internacional) establecen reglas internacionales que tienen como finalidad facilitar la conducción del comercio global y así poder evitar incertidumbres derivadas de las distintas interpretaciones en diferentes países, estos auxilian en la identificación...

Tiempo atrás en el pasado muchos países se vieron engrandes dificultades al intentar controlarlas transacciones internacionales pues el comercializar grandes volúmenes de mercancías resulta difícil, al no respetar los derechos y obligaciones entre las dos partes, por esta problemática La...

The latin adage 'ubi commercium, ibi jus' reflects the insight that the efficiency of markets and trade depend on legal guarantees of market freedoms (such as freedom of contract, property rights), legal security (e.g. as incentive for investments and division of labour) and on legal limitations...

The purpose of the study is to propose interpretations of the National Treatment (NT) provision included in Art. III GATT, unbound by case-law interpretations of this provision. To make such proposals, we need to understand the role of the provision in the agreement. To this end, we first...

Although the costs associated with the international transport and insurance of merchandise trade are an important determinant of the volume and geography of international trade, remarkably little (official) data exist. Combining the largest and most detailed cross-country sample of official...

The content INCOTERMS are a set of rules that determine the rights and obligations of the international sales contract, selecting a rule of interpretation of commercial terms INCOTERMS, progress is the result of negotiation between the parties and expresses the ratio of these economic forces. In...

The INCOTERMS rules of the ICC – Paris on the use of domestic and international trade terms facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an INCOTERMS 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications and legal...