One of the main challenges in low-income Asia and the Pacific countries is users' willingness to pay for water services. In contrast, investors and private operators in the water sector prefer a high rate of return. This has often led to the failure of public-private partnerships for water...

The document is structured into five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical framework surrounding road pricing. It outlines the fundamental principles and characteristics of road pricing, while exploring the relationship between social equity and road pricing....

One of the main challenges in low-income Asia and the Pacific countries is users' willingness to pay for water services. In contrast, investors and private operators in the water sector prefer a high rate of return. This has often led to the failure of public-private partnerships for water...

While there could be debate as to the root causes of Africa’s dearth of infrastructure, it is uncontested that this infrastructure deficit widens each year – and the remedy to same, lies beyond the fiscal capacity of national governments and public entities. The foregoing necessitates...

We pose the problem of managing the interstate as an optimal capital stock problem and define user cost as the charge per vehicle mile travelled that rationalizes observed investments in lane miles and pavement quality. We find that user cost is the sum of the opportunity cost of lane miles,...

We discuss future challenges to road transport infrastructure. These are related to maintenance, autonomous transport and the fi-nancing of infrastructure. We state that maintenance investments are mainly relevant and necessary to avoid a strong reduction in accessibility;autonomous driving will...

A nation’s economic development requires a significant investment in infrastructure. Infrastructure investment, however, is costly and risky: it is capital intensive, is potentially unprofitable, and requires high levels of technical expertise in many disciplines. To solve this challenge, most...

Part I: Overview of Development Finance Institutions and National Development Banks -- Chapter 1: Introduction to National Development Banks -- Chapter 2: Overview of Development Finance Institutions -- Chapter 3: Theoretical Perspectives and Rationale for National Development Banks -- Part II....

The growing trend of urban city development requires various infrastructure investments, including water supply, electricity, sanitation, transportation, and other supporting facilities. In facing this challenge, many Asian countries experience significant constraints, particularly on the issues...

This Chapter provides the context of climate change and infrastructure financing in Australia. It commences with an understanding of the country, its climate change and adaptation policies, followed by an understanding of infrastructure in the country and related climate impacts. Financing...

Carbon taxes and fossil fuel subsidy reforms have been recognized as an efficient means to mobilize substantive domestic resources for sustainable development. Yet, despite their advantages compared to other taxes, concerns about potential adverse impacts on poverty and inequality have...

This paper investigates how the institutional arrangement in China's financial market increase the cost of capital for underdeveloped areas. I show that fiscal capacity results in higher leverage but not superior profitability for local government financing vehicles. Infrastructure in fiscally...

Officials from 8 of the 15 states that responded to our survey consider the expedited completion of projects to be the most important benefit of State Infrastructure Banks over the next 5 years. By drawing on diverse sources for funds, more capital can be amassed, thus enabling a project to get...

More stringent fuel economy standards and increased market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) present challenges to federal policy makers who historically have relied on motor vehicle fuel excise taxes to fund highway projects. This paper considers the distributional implications of a...

We examine the optimal financing of infrastructure when governments have limited financial commitment and can expropriate rents from private sector firms that manage infrastructure. While private firms need incentives to implement projects well, governments need incentives to limit...

Infrastructure is a key determinant of the growth potential of an economy. In many cases, and especially for emerging market countries like Nigeria, the utilisation of capital is important to creating needed infrastructure which encourages the inflow of FDI necessary to drive economic growth....

We explore how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) can help to fill a large infrastructure financing gap in developing countries by indirectly mobilizing resources from other entities. The analysis focuses on more than 6,500 transactions in 2005-2020 to developing and emerging markets from the...

Since 1980, over 2,000 local governments in US Atlantic and Gulf states have been hit by a hurricane. Such natural disasters can exert severe budgetary pressure on local governments’ ability to provide critical infrastructure, goods, and services. We study local government revenue,...

To assist with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, this paper develops a framework to estimate infrastructure financing needs of the Asia-Pacific least developed countries (LDCs), landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), and small island developing States (SIDS) by...