The global increase in greenhouse gases is also changing the climate conditions more severely in Germany. This particularly affects local cultivated landscapes, which cover large parts of Germany and are already experiencing a wide range of ecological problems. Although agricultural land use...

Cyber espionage has become a common method for states to gather confidential information in cyberspace. The vast interconnectedness of the Internet provides a target-rich environment for states to engage in low-risk collection of large amounts of data at an unprecedented speed and scale. Cyber...

Climate change has emerged as the predominant "world problematique". Though entire populations are affected by climate change, women and girls suffer the most. The consequences of natural disasters, women face heighten real-life challenges, especially exposure to different forms of sexual and...

The dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization prides itself on its high degree of judicial independence and the impartiality of its adjudicators. Yet compared to other international tribunals, WTO members exert considerable political control over WTO adjudicators. Contestation...

In today’s digitally interconnected world, copyright infringement frequently crosses national borders, presenting complex legal challenges for effective enforcement of intellectual property rights in general, and copyright in particular. This paper examines the challenges associated with...

The Aegean conflict constitutes a dispute that has been affecting Greek-Turkish bilateral relations for the last five decades. It involves elements such as sovereignty, sovereign rights and national security. This paper suggests that the Torres Strait Treaty, an international agreement that...

Public International Law: A Multi-Perspective Approach is a comprehensive yet critical introduction to the diverse field of public international law. Bringing together a unique range of perspectives from around the world and from different theoretical approaches, this textbook introduces both...

The global increase in greenhouse gases is also changing the climate conditions more severely in Germany. This particularly affects local cultivated landscapes, which cover large parts of Germany and are already experiencing a wide range of ecological problems. Although agricultural land use...

This study examines the positions of European Union Member States (as of April 2024) on how international law applies in cyberspace. Of the 27 Member States, 13 have issued official national positions on the matter. The study is designed to identify commonalities and divergencies among them. The...

This study examines the positions of European Union Member States (as of April 2024) on how international law applies in cyberspace. Of the 27 Member States, 13 have issued official national positions on the matter. The study is designed to identify commonalities and divergencies among them. The...

Energy justice as a concept refers to the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of energy production and consumption among different communities and individuals. The international community is currently attempting to achieve it through various means such as international law, the...

This article conducts a qualitative governance analysis of the European Commission’s 2022 proposal for a certification framework for carbon removals (CRCF). It highlights potential challenges and legal implications—with a specific focus on carbon farming. While the European Union (EU)...

Climate change has emerged as the predominant "world problematique". Though entire populations are affected by climate change, women and girls suffer the most. The consequences of natural disasters, women face heighten real-life challenges, especially exposure to different forms of sexual and...

Cyber espionage has become a common method for states to gather confidential information in cyberspace. The vast interconnectedness of the Internet provides a target-rich environment for states to engage in low-risk collection of large amounts of data at an unprecedented speed and scale. Cyber...

International law prohibits States from intervening in the internal and external affairs of other States, but only if the method of intervention is coercive. Building on recent developments in State practice, especially in the cyber context, this article argues that coercion can be understood in...

The governance of marine ecosystems under international law sits at a crucial nexus for climate change. This chapter explores legal measures related to climate change and the governance of aquatic ecosystems, including watercourses, wetlands, and biodiversity, to highlight interactions and...

The assignment will be focusing on International court of justice acts that helped in development of international law directly or indirectly. International law itself is weak law because of heterogenic nature of state’s laws. Few of them overlap each other few of them don’t. International...

In this article I propose to see the history of the international law on foreign investment as about the diffusion of investor rights as much as the resistance to investor obligations. My argument is that the divide between investment protection and the responsibility of foreign investors is one...

The dynamics of self-determination have increasingly demanded the attention of academics, policymakers, and the international community in general. This can be attributed to the new age of the communications revolution; peoples are increasingly aware of state systems and how they can be...

COVID-19 pandemic has multiple consequences and knocked multiple disciplines after its occurrence throughout the globe. Among the disciplines touched by the pandemic is the role of law presented as an excuse for the responsibility of non-performance of owing to the pandemic. The COVID-19...

In 2008, an anonymous person calling himself Satoshi Nakamoto created Bitcoin. The basic idea for the creation of Bitcoin came after the 2008 global financial crisis caused by bad housing loans in the United States. Since then, Satoshi Nakamoto has designed a decentralized financial system that...

International human rights law is generally thought to apply directly to states, not to corporations since the latter is not a subject of international law. Some domestic courts are, however, enforcing these norms against corporations in domestic settings. Canadian courts have, for instance,...

As Ireland took up its seat on the United Nations Security Council at the start of 2021, one could hardly have predicted the range of challenges that the international legal system would face over the next two years. These included the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan, a brutal civil...

Economic sanctions have become a common feature of the international system. Since the end of the cold war, multilateral sanctions, both comprehensive and partial, have been imposed on several states and on several occasions. In many of these cases, the goal of the sanctions has been to improve...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

In 1825, France pulled off the most discreet heist in history against its newly independent colony Haiti. Haiti’s independence debt, which took 122 years to pay off, was the result of French intimidation tactics and strong-arming that ultimately cost Haiti at least $21 billion. Given such...

Violence is the infliction of pain or harm with the intention to injure, damage or destroy. Under its general meaning, it can either be carried out physically or through the use of power. Under international law, the key principle that regulates inter-state violence in all its forms is the...

This legal study is based on Legal Dimensions of Sea Level Rise: Pacific Perspectives which was published on June 29, 2021. The original version provided an assessment of key legal frameworks and policy questions that are relevant in the context of sea level rise in the Pacific region. This...

This chapter examines the often-cited distinction between private international law and public international law in the context of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (‘CISG’). The traditional view holds that private and public international law are separate...

I model the ocean as an array of lines set within a two-dimensional frame, and show how the Exclusive Economic Zone emerged as an equilibrium in customary international law. I find that custom codifies the efficient Nash equilibrium of enclosure for nearshore fisheries. For highly migratory and...

This article analyses dispute resolution in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from the perspective of the debate on unity, diversity and fragmentation of international law. This article presents a critical perspective that although the BRI preaches unity through greater economic (and...

Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe and regional conventions on human rights protection, as well as the discussion about the need for Russia to withdraw from the WTO does not affect the implementation of universal agreements in the field of protection and observance of human rights,...

This chapter examines the history, development, function, and future of the German Yearbook of International Law (GYIL). The chapter traces the evolution of the GYIL over many decades, from its inception in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present day, demonstrating how it has moved...