We propose inventory replenishment and lateral transshipment policies for a distribution network. The distribution centers place weekly regular orders and daily urgent orders to the factory. Two classes of stochastic demands, pre-ordered and peddling, cause either backlogging or lost sales when...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The Spanish qualifications framework for lifelong learning (Marco Español de Cualificaciones, MECU) was adopted in 2022 as a royal decree. In 2024, it was referenced to the EQF. It is structured into eight levels and includes all levels and types of formal education and training. It is in the...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The Norwegian NQF for lifelong learning (Nasjonalt kvalifikasjonsrammeverk for livslang læring NKR) was referenced to the EQF in 2014, alongside its self-certification to the qualifications frameworks in the European higher education area (QF-EHEA). It is structured into seven levels and...

The Croatian Qualifications Framework (CROQF) (Hrvatski kvalifikacijski okvir, HKO) is a comprehensive 13-level framework. It includes qualifications from all levels and sectors of formal education and training, i.e. general, vocational education and training (VET), higher and adult education....

The Icelandic NQF (Hæfnirammi um íslenska menntun, ISQF) was referenced to the EQF in 2013, along with the self-certification of the Icelandic national qualifications framework for higher education (ISQFHE) to the QF-EHEA. An updated version of the ISQF was adopted in 2016. It is structured in...

Adopted in 2012, the Bulgarian qualifications framework for lifelong learning (BQF - Национална квалификационна рамка за учене през целия живот - НКР) is a comprehensive, eight-level framework with an additional preparatory level 0. It...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The CyQF was established in 2012, and work on framework design was finalised in 2017, when it was referenced to the EQF. The system of vocational qualifications (SVQ), which was developed by the Human Resource Development Authority of Cyprus (HRDA), is an integral, but distinct, part of the...

The increasing recognition of environmental concerns and the adoption of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) have contributed significantly to the development of sustainable industries. Reverse logistics (RL) and closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) are two concepts that involve effective...

Disruptive events like the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed supply chain vulnerabilities. This study focuses on dual sourcing as a resilient strategy and examines a stochastic, single-item, multi-echelon, multi-period, dual sourcing inventory system under backorders. In each echelon, the...

Maintenance is pivotal in the industrial sector, influencing efficiency, reliability, safety, and profitability. An organized spare parts inventory supports maintenance efforts by minimizing downtime, ensuring safety, and optimizing maintenance budgets. Effective spare parts management enhances...

At the start of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccination campaign in Mexico, the vaccine was the world's most essential and scarce asset. Managing its administration to optimize its use was, and still is, of paramount importance. However, when the first vaccine was developed at the end of...

Background: Foundational research on the gamma distribution and inventory control highlighted its flexibility and practicality for managing fast-moving finished goods. Nonetheless, concerns remain about conventional statistical approximations of lead-time demand (LTD) distributions. Real-world...

Background: Indonesia is an archipelagic country with 17,508 islands spread over the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with thousands of inter-island routes requiring a large and engaged fleet. The vast expanse of the country also leads to challenges related to optimal fleet coverage, routing, and oil...

Background: Accurate inventory management of intermittent spare parts requires precise demand forecasting. The sporadic and irregular nature of demand, characterized by long intervals between occurrences, results in a significant data imbalance, where demand events are vastly outnumbered by...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European qualifications framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside with the of national authorities and stakeholders to introduce...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...