This paper studies how the swiftness and delay of punishment affect behavior. Using rich administrative data from automated speed cameras, we exploit two (quasi-)experimental sources of variation in the time between a speeding offense and the sending of a ticket. At the launch of the speed...

Recent studies have addressed the impact of Environment, Social, and Governance responsibility on corporate financial performance and value, but often ignore its impact on non-financial performance. Whereas the ultimate goal of ESG responsibilities is non-financial matters, that is, to...

In many developing and emerging economies, frequent power outages are often a consequence of electricity rationing, stemming from the insufficient generation capacity to meet peak demand. In an effort to minimize the disruption caused by sudden power outages, utilities often implement scheduled...

This paper investigates the effects of competition laws and regulations on manufacturing firms productivity in Latin American countries (LACs), addressing a gap in existing research. Leveraging firm-level panel data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys across 14 LAC economies and competition...

The efficacy and fairness of cash bail in promoting public safety has been a prominent policy question in recent years, but it is difficult to rigorously estimate the effects of bail, particularly at the state level, because of a lack of exogenous variation. California responded to the COVID...

Racial disparities within the criminal justice system continue to be a pressing issue in the U.S. In this paper, we analyze data for almost four million stops by California's fifteen largest law enforcement agencies in 2019, examining the extent to which people of color experience searches,...

This study uses survey data on small business loans granted 2022 -2023 to explore racial disparities in the terms of loans to small firms. Similar data has not been available since the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances (SSBF). We find that for Hispanic-, Asian American- and Black-owned...

This study investigates how institutional rules and fairness in enforcement affect cooperation and compliance in heterogenous groups. In a preregistered online experiment (n = 1, 254), we vary both the existence of a rule governing contributions to a public good as well as whether enforcement of...

This research is a quantitative study which aims to examine the level of corruption in the Indonesian local government with its influencing determinants, namely fiscal decentralization, government internal audit, and law enforcement and natural resources as moderating variables. The population...

We estimate a structural model of borrowing and lending in the illegal money lending market using a unique panel survey of 1,090 borrowers taking out 11,032 loans from loan sharks. We use the model to evaluate the welfare effects of alternative law enforcement strategies. We find that a large...

I describe how monitoring and harsher law enforcement reduce the expected economic benefits of crime. I investigate the effect of shifts in legal authorities' surveillance by focusing on junkyards, firms often associated with illegal markets and auto theft. Starting in 2014, many municipalities...

The proponents of intellectual property (IP) have increasingly utilized injunctions with indiscriminate propensity as a strategic tool for IP enforcement, resulting in adverse socio-economic implications, including the enjoyment of human rights. This trend has eclipsed the flexibilities provided...

This paper studies how the swiftness and delay of punishment affect behavior. Using rich administrative data from automated speed cameras, we exploit two (quasi-)experimental sources of variation in the time between a speeding offense and the sending of a ticket. At the launch of the speed...

In many developing and emerging economies, frequent power outages are often a consequence of electricity rationing, stemming from the insufficient generation capacity to meet peak demand. In an effort to minimize the disruption caused by sudden power outages, utilities often implement scheduled...

The Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (DG TAXUD) and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) have partnered to release annual reports detailing the efforts made by customs, police, and market surveillance authorities to enforce IP rights in the European Union...

Technology has a major impact on the nature of crime. Criminals quickly integrate new technologies into their modus operandi, or build brand-new business models around them. At the same time, emerging technologies create opportunities for law enforcement to counter these new criminal threats....

When the German financial reporting enforcement was introduced in 2004, the legislator chose an innovative approach: He combined a private enforcement institution with a governmental agency while sanctioning was carried out solely by publicly announcing identified accounting errors....

We evaluate the effects of a large-scale enforcement intervention on formal labor flows. The initiative combined a communication component (an official letter/e-mail sent to registered employers) and a punishment component (face-to-face inspections). Using two identification strategies...

The Forum indicators quantify and measure a number of key activities of the Forum for Exchange of Information on Enforcement. They originate from the system of indicators originally developed by the European Commission to measure the performance of enforcement of REACH and CLP. They have been...

How does Europol make Europe safer? When was Europol founded? How does Europol decide which crime areas to focus on? The latest edition of Europol in Brief answers these questions and more, and explains how exactly the agency works, who works there and what each of Europol's five crime centres...

How does Europol make Europe safer? When was Europol founded? How does Europol decide which crime areas to focus on? The latest edition of Europol in Brief answers these questions and more, and explains how exactly the agency works, who works there and what each of Europol's five crime centres...

Despite the existence of several international minimum standards, national legislations governing criminal IP infringements vary considerably, not just internationally but also across the EU. These differences in national legislative frameworks can sometimes be exploited by IP criminals, and in...

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary. It mostly affects young workers, those on fixed-term or part-time contracts and...