We study the blocking effect of patents on follow-on innovation by others. We posit that follow-on innovation requires freedom to operate (FTO), which firms typically obtain through a license from the patentee holding the original innovation. Where licensing fails, follow-on innovation is...

Human-created works represent critical data inputs to artificial intelligence (AI). Strategic behaviour can play a major role for AI training datasets, be it in limiting access to existing works or in deciding which types of new works to create or whether to create new works at all. We examine...

In contemporary academia and industry, the commercialization of technology through licensing has emerged as a prevalent strategy. This paradigmatic shift has prompted numerous industrial firms to intensify their focus on technology commercialization as a mechanism to optimize the returns on...

Malaysia has made significant progress in improving its business environment to attract investment and boost productivity and competitiveness. This case study examines two pioneering initiatives - the E10 in Kulim, Kedah, and the Kulai Fast Lane (KFL) in Johor - that have streamlined the...

Fusion energy, the energy that powers the stars, is now almost within our grasp. Most recent timelines agree on the second half of the 2030s for the realisation of a Fusion Energy pilot plant. For this clean, virtually carbon-neutral energy source to contribute to the mitigation of the climate...

Business dynamism has been slowing globally over the last several decades. In a recent study, Akcigit and Ates (2023) examine the relative importance of different channels behind this development and highlight weakened knowledge diffusion from the technology frontier to followers as a dominant...

Business dynamism has been slowing globally over the last several decades. In a recent study, Akcigit and Ates (2023) examine the relative importance of different channels behind this development and highlight weakened knowledge diffusion from the technology frontier to followers as a dominant...

This paper estimates the impact of occupational licensing at the extensive margin (existence) and intensive margin (qualifications) on the occupational mobility of US workers. Using 2015-2022 Current Population Survey data on worker occupational choices matched to licensing-policy data, I show...

Intellectual property rights are fundamental to how economies organize innovation and steer the diffusion of knowledge. Copyright law, in particular, has developed constantly to keep up with emerging technologies and the interests of creators, consumers, and intermediaries of the different...

As renewable hydrogen becomes central to decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel manufacturing or heavy transport, deployment in Emerging Markets and Developing Countries depends on obtaining timely environmental and social permits on the social acceptance of hydrogen production...

In this paper, we present the application of Entrepreneurial Separation to Transfer Technologies from federally funded research and the difficulties associated with the transfer of intellectual property. With the increased threat (call) by the government to exercise "march-in" rights, which...

Data-based products play a rapidly increasing role for the European economy and, consequently, also transactions which make data available for production. As data licences, the most important type of such transactions, become a major determinant for the structure of product markets in the Union,...

Supplier encroachment in technology-intensive supply chains is an emerging and important research topic in communication technology. In order to assess the impact of patent licensing on supplier encroachment and firms' performance, we model a technology-intensive supply chain comprising a...

We evaluate license agreements as a form of technology transfer that constitutes a public-private partnership (PPP) with the primary goal of economic development. These license agreements permit entrepreneurs and other businesses to turn government innovations into earnings. We constructed a...

This study investigates how the presence, and subsequent repeal, of a tax incentive for a prosocial behavior influences fairness perceptions and tax compliance for those who are and are not eligible for the incentive. Results of a multi-round experiment with 309 U.S. taxpayers show that...

In July 1991, India began to dismantle its long-standing, highly restrictive import control regime and move toward a more open economy. How were policymakers able to dislodge and replace an entrenched system with powerful vested interests behind it? Standard explanations for policy change -...

Franchising has been increasingly used by European companies and individuals as a route for exploitation of intangibles and expansion of their business to other territories and countries. This fact sheet will therefore help readers understand the concept of franchising and in particular why it...

Industrial policy is on the rise. A key instrument used by governments is import licensing to protect domestic industries. However, evidence of its effectiveness is limited. Using customs and firm level data, we estimate the effects of the introduction of import licensing for iron and steel...

Cognizant of the persistent concerns about the lack of alignment of skills and education with industry and occupation needs, this paper investigates returns to professional licenses alongside education-occupation matching. It also analyzes the effects of individual and higher education...

In a domestic market, a duopoly produces a homogeneous final good, pollution, pollution abatement, and R&D, which reduces abatement cost. One of the firms (foreign) has superior technology. The government regulates the duopoly by levying a pollution tax to maximize domestic welfare. We consider...