Im Rahmen der Konzertierten Aktion zur Abfederung der Folgen der Energiepreiskrise hat die Bundesregierung 2022 den Unternehmen die Möglichkeit eingeräumt, ihren Beschäftigten bis Ende 2024 jeweils bis zu 3.000 Euro steuer- und abgabenfrei auszuzahlen. Mit dieser Maßnahme sollten die...

Given the unobserved nature of expectations, this paper employs latent variable analysis to examine three financial instability models and assess their out-of-sample forecasting accuracy. We compare a benchmark linear random walk model, which implies exogenous instability phenomena, with a...

We study a model in which two players with opposing interests try to alter a status quo through instability-generating actions. We show that instability can be used to secure longer-term durable changes, even if it is costly to generate and does not generate short-term gains. In equilibrium,...

In this paper the vision of the "Young" and "Elder" Lamfalussy on the origins of instability in capitalist economies will be contrasted. The young Lamfalussy found the origins of instability in medium-term cumulative processes in the real sector of the economy, very much inspired by the vicious...

Inflation is a persistent challenge that affects economies globally. The battle against inflation is crucial for maintaining economic stability and promoting growth. This study aims to examine the strategies employed by the United States to overcome inflation and maintain economic stability. The...

This paper provides a compact summary of the evidence on capital structure instability and a case-based exploratory investigation of sources of such instability. Substantial instability in capital structure is the norm at publicly held nonfinancial firms. Firm-specific episodes of leverage...

A common assumption in macroeconomics is that energy prices are determined in a world-wide, rather frictionless market. This no longer seems an adequate description for the situation that much of Europe currently faces. Rather, one reading is that shortages exist in the quantity of energy...

The paper reviews the Argentine debt experience in the past ten years. The emphasis is on the interaction between relative prices, financial instability, budget .deficits, inflation and debt accumulation. A longer run perspective shows that the continuing fiscal problems have stood in the way of...

Using a unique dataset of corporate loans of 13,070 Greek firms for the period 2008-2015 and an identification strategy based on the internal credit ratings of banks, we provide evidence that one out of six firms with non-performing loans are strategic defaulters. Furthermore, we investigate...

A common assumption in macroeconomics is that energy prices are determined in a world-wide, rather frictionless market. This no longer seems an adequate description for the situation that much of Europe currently faces. Rather, one reading is that shortages exist in the quantity of energy...

This paper empirically examines how fiscal instability affects financial instability. According to an IMF forecast (2021a), the fiscal space in Korea will be steadily reduced in the future. The theoretical literature predicts that if fiscal stability is undermined, financial stability will also...

We analyze the effect of macroeconomic instability on earnings management and the moderating role of country-level institutions, explicitly examining how this phenomenon compares between developed and emerging market countries. Focusing our analysis on macroeconomic instability instead of...

This paper introduces a framework for analyzing the role of financial factors as a source of instability in small open economies. Our basic model is a dynamic open economy model with a tradeable good produced with capital and a country-specific factor. We also assume that firms face credit...

A recent literature suggests that because investment expenditures are irreversible and can be delayed, they may be highly sensitive to uncertainty. We briefly summarize the theory, stressing its empirical implications. We then use cross-section and time-series data for a set of developing and...

Employment rates in Puerto Rico range from 55 to 65 percent of U.S. rates during the past thirty years. This huge employment shortfall holds for men and women, cuts across all education groups, and is deeper for persons without a college degree. The shortfall is concentrated in the private...

Using an optimizing model of a small open economy, this paper studies the macroeconomic effects of PPP rules whereby the government increases the devaluation rate when the real exchange rate defined as the price of tradables in terms of nontradables is below its long-run level and reduces the...

We present a new theory of pervasive shortages under socialism, based on the assumption that the planners are self-interested. Because the planners -- meaning bureaucrats in the ministries and managers of firms -- cannot keep the official profits that firms earn, it is in their interest to...

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue countering shadow activities in the context of ensuring macroeconomic stability. The main purpose of the study is to determine the acceptable level of investment transactions with signs of...

The framework of Financial Instability Hypothesis consist of a holistic approach to the changes within the capitalist economy of the United States and the evolution of the financial structure of the economy. Hyman Minsky always emphasized the importance of finance in the capitalist system and...

The concomitant Covid-19 pandemic and oil price shock in 2020 have taken a heavy toll on the Algerian economy and the population. The authorities' response helped mitigate the social and economic impact of the crisis. Nevertheless, the crisis exacerbated the Algerian economy's vulnerabilities,...

We estimate new indices measuring financial and economic (in)stability in Austria and in the euro area. Instead of estimating the level of (in)stability in a financial or economic system we measure the degree of predictability of (in)stability, where our methodological approach is based on the...

What can explain the large changes in aggregate demand that occur in the absence of any seemingly corresponding shock to the underlying state variables of the economy? We show that macroeconomic volatility can arise from dispersions of beliefs among agents. These dispersions give rise to bets...

Although economic agents routinely face various types of economic uncertainty, their effects are often unclear and hard to assess, in part due to the absence of suitable measures of uncertainty. Because of the numerous and very substantial institutional changes that people in the transition...

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal costs of financial instability (defined as major asset price changes and including, as extreme cases, financial crises). The study identifies three channels to fiscal accounts: 1) revenue effects on capital gains, asset turnover and...

Competitive market economies are a relatively new economic system, and while very productive, they are not self-sustaining, are unstable and require significant state support and regulation to function properly. Nevertheless, self-regulating market economies are superior to other...