The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we wish to better explain the relationship between Sargent and Wallace's (1981) unpleasant monetarist arithmetic, the closely connected fiscal theory of the price level (FTPL), and the monetarist view of inflation. Second, we discuss how the recent...

The Quantity Theory of Money claims to provide one of the few long-run guides to economic policy by providing specific numbers to characterise the correlation between money growth and inflation. Acceptance of the Quantity Theory has been greatly helped by the claim, propounded most effectively...

От редакции: среди всего набора макроэкономических тем, текущие показатели инфляции — одна из самых популярных и часто обсуждаемых. Аргументы сторонников...

The annual announcement of monetary targets which the Deutsche Bundesbank started in 1974 is considered a core element of German monetary policy after the end of the Bretton Woods regime of fixed exchange rates. The paper asks to what extent this reorientation was shaped by monetarist ideas and...

The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we wish to better explain the relationship between Sargent and Wallace's (1981) unpleasant monetarist arithmetic, the closely connected fiscal theory of the price level (FTPL), and the monetarist view of inflation. Second, we discuss how the recent...

Hajo Riese (FU Berlin) was a pioneer of the "Berlin School of Monetary Keynesianism", particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. His research work was based on the roots of monetary theory in the work of J. M. Keynes, with a particular focus on the theory of capital and interest rates. While in Keynes...

The annual announcement of monetary targets which the Deutsche Bundesbank started in 1974 is considered a core element of German monetary policy after the end of the Bretton Woods regime of fixed exchange rates. The paper asks to what extent this reorientation was shaped by monetarist ideas and...

Lucas (1972) was a paper that permanently changed the course of macroeconomics, even though its "money supply surprise" model lost its central place in the area within a decade because of empirical difficulties. However, Lucas's novel methodology, based on clearing markets and rational...

This paper is about the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago, between 1947 and 1982. The paper has the form of a conversation between the two authors and covers issues such as the existence of a "Chicago School," the Department's governance, the personalities of some well-known...

This paper is about the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago, between 1947 and 1982. The paper has the form of a conversation between the two authors and covers issues such as the existence of a "Chicago School," the Department's governance, the personalities of some well-known...

Whenever inflation rears its head, the call soon comes to raise interest rates. The rationale is simple. Higher interest rates put a damper on the supply of money. And this monetary clamp slows inflation. It’s so intuitive that it must be true. Or is it? As the Reverend Brooke observes, it...

If you’re just tuning in, I’ve spent the last few months debunking some common misconceptions about inflation: Is inflation a uniform increase in prices? No. Inflation is wildly differential. Is inflation driven by an ‘over-heated’ economy? No. Inflation tends to come with economic...

Modern mainstream macroeconomics treats the economy 'as if' always in equilibrium. Two older traditions, Monetarism and the Wicksell Connections have always dissented, arguing that how agents gather information and apply it to the co-ordination of their activities are prior problems requiring...

This paper argues that the distinction between Keynesianism and Monetarism is not a useful frame for the debate on monetary policy during the past decade. The main driver of this debate is the secular decline in the real interest rates over the past four decades. It is more useful to distinguish...

To study implications of an interest-bearing CBDC on the economy, we integrate a New Monetarist-type decentralised market that explicitly accounts for the means-of-exchange function of bank deposits and CBDC into a New Keynesian model with financial frictions. The central bank influences the...

Modern mainstream macroeconomics treats the economy “as if” always in equilibrium. Two older traditions, Monetarism and the Wicksell Connections have always dissented, arguing that how agents gather information and apply it to the co-ordination of their activities are prior problems...

Classical law and economics is foundational to the American legal system. Centered at the University of Chicago, with a reach touching nearly every law faculty and economics department in the country, its assumptions, most especially that humans act both rationally and selfishly, informs the...

Milton Friedman’s longstanding advocacy in favor of floating exchange rates has contributed to a mistaken belief that he opposed currency board regimes or outright dollarization. Nothing could be further from the truth. Over a period of almost five decades Friedman consistently made it clear...

The objective of Ed Nelson’s two-volume book, Milton Friedman and Economic Debate in the United States, 1932-1972, is to provide an account of Friedman’s views in major monetary-policy debates during the period identified in the book’s title. Nelson tells the story of the development of...

Part I. Monetary Macroeconomics -- Chapter 1. Macro’s Missing Links. Exploring the Space between Monetarism and the Wicksell Connection (David Laidler) -- Chapter 2. The problems of inflation targeting originate in the monetary theory of Knut Wicksell (Lars Jonung) -- Chapter 3. Price...

The M2 money supply has grown by almost 40% since 2019. This number by itself raises the strong possibility that we have entered a new and remarkable era in United States monetary history. But what would Milton Friedman say? Drawing on Friedman’s writings and a fresh look at the data on money,...

Early in his career, Milton Friedman proposed a coordinated rules-based approach to monetary and fiscal policy, which he then abandoned for a simple constant money growth rule. Both rules were motivated by his goal of long-run economic stability and his belief that discretionary policy would be...

Most macroeconomics assumes that economic activity fluctuates above and below a sustainable growth rate. A more accurate alternative view is Milton Friedman’s plucking model, which posits that the economy either grows at its sustainable rate or experiences shortfalls rather than artificial...

As a leading monetarist economist, Milton Friedman revolutionized monetary theory in the 1950s and 1960s. Friedman’s views evolved somewhat later in his career. The case is made that had he not passed away in 2006 he would have supported the market monetarist approach to monetary during the...

During the late-1940s and the early-1950s Milton Friedman favored a rule under which fiscal policy would be used to generate changes in the money supply with the aim of stabilizing output at full employment. He believed that the economy is inherently unstable because of endogenous movements in...

Milton Friedman's longstanding advocacy in favor of floating exchange rates has contributed to a mistaken belief that he opposed currency board regimes or outright dollarization. Nothing could be further from the truth. Over a period of almost five decades Friedman consistently made it clear...

This paper discusses monetarist objections to the IS-LM model. We explore the views of two principal spokesmen for monetarism: Milton Friedman and the team of Karl Brunner and Allan Meltzer. Friedman did not explicitly state the reasons he generally chose not to use the IS-LM model in rejecting...

Contrary to the conclusion of Sargent and Wallace, it is possible to exogenously and independently vary monetary and fiscal policy and retain steady-state equlibrium in economies like the United States. In particular,the central bank is not forced to monetize increased deficits either now or in...

In many countries, inflation has become less responsive to domestic factors and more responsive to global factors over the past decades. We introduce money and credit into the workhorse open-economy New Keynesian model. With this framework, we show that: (i) an efficient forecast of domestic...

Given the current state of technology, agents could potentially deal with exchange by transferring directly Central Bank fiat monies. Are we close to private banks becoming “technologically obsolete” in the provision of payment services?. To provide insights into this question, we build a...

Everybody knows that Chicago scholars dismissed predatory pricing as a practice of concern for antitrust law due to its alleged unprofitability, both relative and absolute. Many know that the dismissal dates back to the early years of the Chicago revolution in antitrust and has been reiterated...