Norges Bank has been running a central bank digital currency project since 2016. The project is now in its fourth phase, and as part of this phase an overview will be provided of required legislative amendments linked to the introduction of CBDC. For an overview of Norges Bank's CBDC project,...

The European Central Bank (ECB) is one of the few international/ supranational institutions based on German territory. As with other international organisations, the ECB enjoys privileges and immunities in order to ensure its independence and proper functioning. This status is sometimes compared...

This paper analyzes the legal foundations of central bank digital currency (CBDC) under central bank and monetary law. Absent strong legal foundations, the issuance of CBDC poses legal, financial and reputational risks for central banks. While the appropriate design of the legal framework will...

In den Jahren der Inflation war in Deutschland das Wirtschaftsleben nur mit der Ausgabe von Notgeld aufrechtzuerhalten. Der Reichsfinanzminister behielt sich zwar die Genehmigung vor, doch da sowohl staatliche Stellen als auch private Wirtschaftsbetriebe in immer kürzeren Zeiträumen neues Geld...

Kryptowerte wie der Bitcoin stellen ein neuartiges Phänomen dar, welches vor allem in rechtlicher Hinsicht zahlreiche Fragen aufwirft. Die vorliegende Arbeit erforscht nach Erläuterung der technischen Grundlagen der Blockchaintechnologie die währungs- und aufsichtsrechtliche Einordnung von...

The ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court and its call for conducting and communicating proportionality assessments regarding monetary policy have been the subject of some controversy. However, it can also be understood as a way to strengthen the de-facto independence of the European...

The ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court and its call for conducting and communicating proportionality assessments regarding monetary policy have been the subject of some controversy. However, it can also be understood as a way to strengthen the de-facto independence of the European...

The ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court and its call for conducting and communicating proportionality assessments regarding monetary policy have been the subject of some controversy. However, it can also be understood as a way to strengthen the de-facto independence of the European...

This paper analyzes the legal foundations of central bank digital currency (CBDC) under central bank and monetary law. Absent strong legal foundations, the issuance of CBDC poses legal, financial and reputational risks for central banks. While the appropriate design of the legal framework will...

"Money is a legal institution with principal economic and sociological consequences. Money is a debt, because that is how it is conceptualised and comes into existence: as circulating credit - if viewed from the creditor's perspective - or, from the debtor's viewpoint, as debt. This book...

"Cryptoassets represent one of the most high-profile financial products in the world, and fastest growing financial products in history. From Bitcoin, Etherium, and Ripple's XRP -- so called 'utility tokens' used to access financial services -- to initial coin offerings that in 2017 rivaled...

The Legal Concept of Money -- The Creation of Money and its Legal Basis -- Money as a Static Concept : Money in Economics -- A Dynamic Concept of Money. The Alienation Cycle -- The Legal Underpinnings for the Functioning of Money as Money : The Faith in Money and the Power of the Banks -- Conclusion

Cover -- Titel -- Impressum -- Inhalt -- 1. Einführung -- 2. Hintergrundwissen -- 2.1 Warum Kryptowährungen (I): Vorspann -- 2.1.1 Feuerwehrleute, Systemrelevanz und Steuergelder -- 2.1.2 Ein Computer für 500 Kg Kartoffeln, bitte! -- 2.1.3 Notenbanken und Inflation -- 2.1.4 Die Aliens und das...

Several Central American (CADR) countries with independent monetary policies are strengthening their monetary frameworks and some have implemented or are moving towards inflation targeting (IT) regimes. Strengthening the monetary policy frameworks of CADR is key to improving the effectiveness of...

Although bank supervision under the National Banking System exercised a light hand and panics were frequent, depositor losses were minimal. Double liability induced shareholders to carefully monitor bank managers and voluntarily liquidate banks early if they appeared to be in trouble. Inducing...

Although bank supervision under the National Banking System exercised a light hand and panics were frequent, depositor losses were minimal. Double liability induced shareholders to carefully monitor bank managers and voluntarily liquidate banks early if they appeared to be in trouble. Inducing...

Japan suffered a very high inflation rate in 1973-74. The CPI inflation rate rose to near 30% in 1974, the highest rate in the postwar Japanese history after the chaotic hyperinflation following the end of the Second World War. Traditionally, the oil crisis is blamed for the 1973-74 high...

Japan suffered a very high inflation rate in 1973-74. The CPI inflation rate rose to near 30% in 1974, the highest rate in the postwar Japanese history after the chaotic hyperinflation following the end of the Second World War. Traditionally, the oil crisis is blamed for the 1973-74 high...

The authors examine the institutional and governance framework of modern central banks to determine whether there are lessons that can be applied to the International Monetary Funds' (IMF’s) institutional framework. Such a comparison is appealing for two reasons. First, both central banks and...

We argue that the question of whether and when policy reform works should be investigated together with the political economy factors responsible for distortionary policies in the first place. These not only determine the initial distortions, but also often shape policy in the post-reform...

We argue that the question of whether and when policy reform works should be investigated together with the political economy factors responsible for distortionary policies in the first place. These not only determine the initial distortions, but also often shape policy in the post-reform...

Changes in formal and informal central bank independence (CBI) in France, Italy and the UK in the period from the mid-1970s to the 1990s are examined; the major changes occurred in the 1990s, after the disinflations of the 1980s. Broad trends in the informal independence of central banks, defined...

This paper provides a concise overview of the state of the art on monetary policy and central banking from a public choice perspective. It starts with a brief look at the roots of today's view of monetary policy conduct and the design of pertinent institutions in early work on political business...

This paper presents an update of the Grilli-Masciandaro-Tabellini (GMT) index of central bank (CB) autonomy, based on CB legislation as of end-2003. The index is applied to a set of OECD and developing countries, and emerging market economies. For a smaller set of countries, the paper presents a...