This study aims to investigate the economic characteristics of cryptocurrencies and assess the current legal framework regarding the potential to regulate transactions involving cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. To achieve this goal, a complex set of general scientific and specialized...

This working paper integrates the credit money approach (associated with Post Keynesian endogenous money theory) with the state money approach (associated with Modern Money Theory) by drawing on Wray's 1990 book (Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: The Endogenous Money Approach, Edward...

We review the macroeconomic literature on retail central bank digital currency (CBDC), organizing the discussion around a CBDC-irrelevance result. We identify both fundamental and policy-related sources of relevance, or departures from neutrality. Bank disintermediation-the crowding out of...

This article analyses the Bank of England's (BoE) involvement in UK policy towards the European Monetary System (EMS) between 1979 and 1990. It outlines how scepticism about rigid monetarist approaches influenced the institution's stance towards the EMS. Despite internal disagreements, the BoE...

This policy brief presents a new comprehensive dataset on the currency compositions of international reserves of 64 economies from 1996 to 2023. The dataset contains country-specific shares in international reserves for the eight major international currencies, i.e. the United States Dollar...

This article analyses the Bank of England's (BoE) involvement in UK policy towards the European Monetary System (EMS) between 1979 and 1990. It outlines how scepticism about rigid monetarist approaches influenced the institution's stance towards the EMS. Despite internal disagreements, the BoE...

This policy brief presents a new comprehensive dataset on the currency compositions of international reserves of 64 economies from 1996 to 2023. The dataset contains country-specific shares in international reserves for the eight major international currencies, i.e. the United States Dollar...

A monetary approach that combines Chartalism, Nominalism, and Command origins of monetary systems is often deemed to have emerged only recently, while the Aristotelian approach (Commodity, Metallism, and Market origins of monetary systems) is the only one that existed until the end of the...

This study aims to investigate the economic characteristics of cryptocurrencies and assess the current legal framework regarding the potential to regulate transactions involving cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. To achieve this goal, a complex set of general scientific and specialized...

Despite about six years of intensive research, no central bank in the industrialized world has yet introduced central bank digital currency (CBDC). In this article, we look at the reasons. We provide a brief overview of the current state of research projects, which features stand out as...

Trotz rund sechs Jahren intensiver Forschung hat bisher keine Zentralbank der Industrienationen digitales Zentralbankgeld (Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC) eingeführt. In diesem Artikel befassen wir uns mit den Gründen. Wir geben einen kurzen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der...

Trotz rund sechs Jahren intensiver Forschung hat bisher keine Zentralbank der Industrienationen digitales Zentralbankgeld (Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC) eingeführt. In diesem Artikel befassen wir uns mit den Gründen. Wir geben einen kurzen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der...

This paper provides a contextual analysis of the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador. First, we outline the historical context and the political situation of the period 2019- 24 that serve as context for the passage and implementation of the Bitcoin law (Decree No. 57). We...

Trotz rund sechs Jahren intensiver Forschung hat bisher keine Zentralbank der Industrienationen digitales Zentralbankgeld (Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC) eingeführt. In diesem Artikel befassen wir uns mit den Gründen. Wir geben einen kurzen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der...

This article explores cryptocurrencies and poses the research question, whether cryptocurrencies are the future of the currency market. The cryptocurrency market has undergone considerable growth, however given recent scandals of cryptocurrency markets and cryptocurrencies have led to increasing...

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Blockchain, decentralized consensus and trust -- Chapter 3. The basic mining game. -- Chapter 4. Higher level models -- Chapter 5. The future monetary system -- Chapter 6. Regulation -- Chapter 7. Conclusions.

1. Intellectual Biography -- 2. The Scope and Method of Economics -- 3. After the 1929 Breakdown: The Origins of Lange’s Anti-Capitalism -- 4. The Theory of Capital -- 5. The Theory of Interest -- 6. From the Critique to Classical Dichotomy to General Economic Disequilibrium -- 7. Welfare...

This book discusses the future of money and monetary policy in an increasingly digital world. Despite the rise of digital currency, the monetary regime, with its key features centered on fiat money, has remained essentially unchanged since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s....

"Our Dollar, Your Problem argues that America's currency might not have reached today's lofty pinnacle without a certain amount of good luck. Drawing in part on his own experiences, including with policymakers and world leaders, Kenneth Rogoff animates the remarkable postwar run of the...

We develop a generic model of money and liquidity that identifies sources of liquidity bubbles and seignorage rents. We provide sufficient conditions under which a swap of monies leaves the equilibrium allocation and price system unchanged. We apply the equivalence result to the "Chicago Plan",...

When does a swap between private and public money leave the equilibrium allocation and price system unchanged? To answer this question, the paper sets up a generic model of money and liquidity which identifies sources of seignorage rents and liquidity bubbles. We derive sufficient conditions for...

The gold standard was a monetary system based on fixed exchange rates, whereby domestic prices were pegged to the international price level and a high level of control had to be exercised over the money supply. This meant that fiscal discipline also had to be maintained for a country to remain...

We provide a rationale for bank money creation in our current monetary system by investigating its merits over a system with banks as intermediaries of loanable funds. The latter system could result when CBDCs are introduced. In the loanable funds system, households limit banks' leverage ratios...

This paper studies the potential of a cryptocurrency to become a medium of exchange. We use evidence from a natural experiment: In September 2021, El Salvador became the first country in the world to make bitcoin legal tender, and all economic agents were required to accept bitcoin for all...

The terms ‘property’ and ‘proprietary interest’ are routinely used in Australian law to represent the broad category of rights an individual may have with respect to tangible and intangible things. ‘Money’, ‘currency’, and ‘legal tender’ are examples of property that...

It is difficult for private agents to produce money that circulates at par with no questions asked. We study two cases of privately-produced money: pre-Civil War U.S. private banknotes and modern stablecoins. Private monies are introduced when there are no better alternatives, but they initially...

Computerization of social life enabled market participants to search for new forms of electronic payments. The share of cash in total payments is systematically decreasing, which poses the risk of being supplanted by other instruments, including cryptocurrencies. Central banks, therefore, faced...

Currency is one of the most important of social and economic institutions. Evidently, the interrelation between monetary and economic power and stability is reciprocal. A strong and stable economy facilitates the achievement and maintenance of monetary stability; conversely, monetary stability...