Multiple job holding (MJH) is increasingly frequent in industrialized countries. Individuals holding a secondary job add to their experience, skills, and networks. We study the long-run labor market outcomes after MJH and investigate whether career effects can be validated. We employ...

Multiple job holding (MJH) is increasingly frequent in industrialized countries. Individuals holding a secondary job add to their experience, skills, and networks. We study the long-run labor market outcomes after MJH and investigate whether career effects can be validated. We employ...

We extend the theory of optimal redistributive taxation to economies with an informal sector. In particular, in our model, workers can supply labor simultaneously to the formal and the informal sectors, which we call moonlighting. The optimal tax formula contains two novel terms capturing...

Over the last decades, globalization has led to more integrated markets which fostered the transformation of economies around the world. How do domestic labor markets react to increased competition from abroad? This Policy Brief examines the effect of an import shock on the Mexican labor market...

Multiple job holding (MJH) is increasingly frequent in industrialized countries. Individuals holding a secondary job add to their experience, skills, and networks. We study the long-run labor market outcomes after MJH and investigate whether career effects can be validated. We employ...

Multiple job holding (MJH) is increasingly frequent in industrialized countries. Individuals holding a secondary job add to their experience, skills, and networks. We study the long-run labor market outcomes after MJH and investigate whether career effects can be validated. We employ...

This research examines the heterogeneous impact of out-migration on the informal employment within the framework of rural transformation in Nepal. Employing a multinomial Probit model with instrumental variables, we analyze the influence of household-level migration on the informal employment...

In Mexico, approximately 55% of the working population is employed informally, contributing 24.4% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2022. This study analyzed the impact of wages, taxes, government spending, and unemployment on the informal economy of Mexico from 1980 to 2022, as well as its...

Irregular employment, broadly understood as employment that is insufficiently covered by formal arrangements either in law or in practice, presents problems for the State in terms of tax revenue and regulation, whether it is undertaken by Irish, EU or non-EU nationals. For non-EU nationals,...

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of informal employment on the occurrence of overeducation in developing countries, focusing on the specific case of the DRC. Using employment data, we determine the incidence of overeducation and we isolate the role of informal employment as a...

Legal and illegal markets often coexist. In theory, marginal legalization can either substitute for the remaining parallel market, or complement it via scale effects. I study migrants crossing without prior authorization at the US southwest border, where large-scale unlawful crossing coexists...

This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and infor­mality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscrip­tions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal employment, vulnerable em­ployment, and the...

The expansion of informal employment has been associated with increased exploitation and decent work deficits, leading to widespread poverty and growing inequalities. In response, a variety of forms of collective representation and action by and with informal workers have emerged demanding...

This paper provides conceptual definitions and distinctions between formalization, worker protection and productivity enhancement, and examines the impact of social protection and labor market policies in achieving these inter-related yet distinct policy goals. Focusing on empirical evidence...

This report aims to narrow the knowledge gap on informal employment in Malaysia, with the ultimate objective of suggesting policy recommendations to strengthen the protection and productivity of informally employed workers. Using a working definition of informal employment based on coverage by a...

We extend the theory of optimal redistributive taxation to economies with an informal sector. In particular, in our model workers can supply labor simultaneously to the formal and the informal sectors, which we call moonlighting. The optimal tax formula contains two novel terms capturing...

This paper examines how trade sanctions affect the allocation of workers across formal and informal employment. We analyse the case of the unexpected and unprecedented trade sanctions imposed on Iran in 2012. We use a difference-in-differences approach and compare the probability of working in...

Using time series data from Uganda covering the period from 1991 to 2017, this paper applies ARDL bounds testing approach to examine the long- and short-run relationship between education and the shadow economy. We find evidence of the long-run relationship. The results indicate that an increase...

Using data from the four waves of the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - ULMS (2003, 2004, 2007 and 2012), we analyze whether workers with a higher willingness to take risks are more likely to select into informal employment contracts. The data permit us to distinguish between five...

Purpose – This study mainly focus on measuring the effect on the job performance of employees working in more than one company. This research project helps to analyze the job performance using different variables of moonlighting employees working in Indian workspaceDesign/methodology/approach...

This paper studies the labor market effects of regularization programs on amnestied migrants’ job competitors. Exploiting the 2002 unexpected Italian program, I find that the least productive job competitors experience a lower probability of being regularly employed in the very few months...

The paper performs both a parametric and non-parametric analysis to address a fundamental question in the growing literature using search models to study labor market informality: should informal self-employment and informal employment as employee be considered two different labor market states?...

The paper performs both a parametric and non-parametric analysis to address a fundamental question in the growing literature using search models to study labor market informality: should informal self-employment and informal employment as employee be considered two different labor market states?...

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the introduction of a nationwide minimum wage in Germany on main jobs, secondary jobs and their interaction by exploiting large-scale administrative data and variation in exposure to the minimum wage across jobs. While we find that the national...

Objective: The article aims to indicate the determinants of informal employment in registered enterprises using company-level evidence from Poland. Research Design & Methods: The survey conducted among Polish small and medium-sized (SME) enterprises in 2018 was used to find the driving forces of...

Using data from the four waves of the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - ULMS (2003, 2004, 2007 and 2012), we analyze whether workers with a higher willingness to take risks are more likely to select into informal employment contracts. The data permit us to distinguish between five...

Negotiations are a valuable and important tool for increasing the voice of workers in the informal economy. This paper provides empirical evidence from Africa, Asia and the Americas on negotiations and collective bargaining by workers in the informal economy. These practices demonstrate that...

Purpose - In this paper, the authors suggest that Central Americans can use entrepreneurship to solve economic uncertainty in their home country and that entrepreneurship can contribute to reducing the number of undocumented migrants to the USA. Design/methodology/approach - The authors first...

Using eight consecutive waves of the Survey of Informal Work Participation (SIWP) spanning 2015 through 2022, we investigate informal "gig" work participation in the United States-broadly defined to include online and offline activities-and its implications for the measurement of employment. Our...

We propose a new approach to detect and quantify informal employment resulting from irregular migration shocks. Focusing on a largely informal sector, agriculture, and on the exogenous variation from the Arab Spring wave on southern Italian coasts, we use machine-learning techniques to document...

The main purpose of this study is to investigate legal and policy gaps in regulating informal employment in Tanzania in order to expose areas that need to be addressed so that to extend legal protection to informal workers. This study is based on the idea that informal employment in Tanzania is...

Using information from all IMF conditionality programs from 1990 to 2018, we implement a dynamic Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting Regression Adjustment approach to examine the effects of programs, including public sector dismissals, on the size of the shadow economy. The estimated effect...

Multiple job-holding, or "moonlighting", is an important form of atypical employment in most economies. New forms of work, driven by digitalization, may enable its future growth. However, many misconceptions exist, including the belief that multiple job-holders are only low-skilled individuals...

The interactions between minimum wage policy and tax evasion remain largely unknown. We study firm-level employment effects of a large and bit- ing minimum wage increase in the context of widespread wage underreport- ing. We apply machine learning to classify firms between tax-compliant and...

This study is about relationships between Unregistered Economy and Corruption. Especially, Corruption is investigated as one of the main stimulative factors of Unregistered Economy and presented Azerbaijan initiatives of struggle against this problem. Firstly, it is explained concept of...