This study compares the estimation errors of several present value discounting conventions (end-of-year, mid-year, and the more recently proposed harmonic mean convention) for a uniform distribution of intra-period cash flow - continuous and discrete. Our results show that the mid-year...

This paper formulates the Discounted Cash Flows formed by an underlying economic activity, of any kind, following a binomial evolution and introducing the possibility of measuring its effects on its value. This binomial economic activity is described in accounting terms, able to capture the...

Over recent years, a fairly large number of project scheduling problems have been focused on maximizing the Net Present Value (NPV) of cash flows during the project. From the contractor's point of view, cash inflows generally represent their revenues, and cash outflows are expenditures. In most...

The objective of this paper is to analyze the suitability of the Total Market Return approach within the requirements of the capital asset pricing model, and for the purpose of business valuation, particularly in light of its endorsement by the institute of German auditors (IDW). First, we...

The objective of our paper is to analyze, how valuation practice deals with inflation especially for the terminal value, and how company value is influenced by assumptions set by practitioners. For that reason, we examine how vulnerable companies could be regarding struggles to pass on...

Current theories of the discount rate have a theoretical basis focused on risk; risk-free rate and risk premium. The basic component of the discount rate, the risk-free rate as purely empirical has a natural infirmity which consequently weakens the final theory. Similarly, the risk premium...

Volumes of oil reserves are important indicators of energy availability in the future since it is still the world’s main source of energy. In this paper, we estimate the oil reserve volume under oil price uncertainty using the traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) and the real options theory...

The valuation of equities remains a challenge both in practice and in theory. The value of an asset must reflect the present value of the future payments that accrue to the holder of the asset. Hence, the key question in equity valuation is how to determine the value today of a sequence of...

This paper develops a novel theory of accounting, in the form of a quantitative language, capable of reformulating, generalizing, and studying the discounted cash flow model, in plain accounting terms - going through the reformulation of the underlying future cash flows and their financing. This...

This paper develops a novel theory of accounting, in the form of a quantitative language, capable of reformulating, generalizing, and studying the discounted cash flow model, in plain accounting terms - going through the reformulation of the underlying future cash flows and their financing. This...

In this paper we outline how to value private companies and work through a real case study. The corporate finance and valuation techniques on display can be used to value any private company or project that is illiquid with little or no market data. Together with this paper we provide the full...

The COVID-19 pandemic which began at the end of 2019, it turned out to be very influential in the significant decline in share prices. It can be seen from the Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) until mid-March 2020, which has fallen by 37% and the average share price of 669 issuers has decreased...

Der Kapitalwert lässt sich auch bei Null- und Negativzinsen zumindest über endliche Zeiträume einfach berechnen sowie betriebswirtschaftlich für Investitionsentscheidungen sinnvoll ver­wen­den. Volkswirtschaftlich ist relevant, warum es Zinsen von und unter null überhaupt gibt und ob...

1. Introduction -- 2. Asset Class Taxonomy and General Valuation Approaches -- 3. The Scalable Valuation of digital intangibles -- 4. Cryptocurrencies and Non-Fungible Tokens -- 5. Digital Art and Non-FungibleTokens -- 6. Blockchains, Internet of Value, and Smart Transactions -- 7. The Metaverse...

Portfolio recommendations should include, beyond an estimate of the expected return on the investment, also an assessment of the associated level of risk. This paper introduces a simple methodology to assign stock recommendations based on a firm valuation procedure that replaces the conventional...

To value shares there are two usual methods that, if properly applied, provide the same value: 1/ Present value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtract the value of debt; and 2/ Present value of expected equity cash flows (ECF) discounted with the Ke...

This paper presents a real valuation performed by a well-known investment bank, with two common errors and with two very different values for the equity of a firm:a) €6,9 million calculating the Present Value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtracting...

In all investment decisions it is important to determine the degree of uncertainty associated with the valuation of a company. We propose an original and robust methodology to company valuation which replaces the traditional point estimate of the conventional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) with a...

We estimate the collective return to all investors in ventures in our sample over their life cycle. The net present value per dollar invested in the first round of funding (NPV) is significantly positive on average but comes down after 1999. The structural break follows the passage of the...

Stock returns around acquisition announcements are widely viewed as being reflective of the net present value created by these transactions. As such, announcement returns should correlate with acquisition outcomes. Using a new measure of realized transaction-level acquisition failure, as well as...

It is well-known that stock prices fluctuate far more than dividends. Traditional valuation methods are not able to depict this fact. In this paper we incorporate excess volatility into a simple DCF model by considering an autoregressive cash flows process with random coefficients. We show that...

This paper presents two stocks recommendation systems based on a stochastic characterization of firm present value that extends the conventional discounted cash flow analysis. In the Single-Stock Quantile recommendation system, the market price of a company's stocks is compared with the...

To determine a company’s intrinsic value, equity analysts make forecasts several years into the future, although the value generated in the explicit forecast period only represents a small part of the total valuation. Instead, most of a company’s value is determined in the terminal period -...

Since the mid-1960s inflation has been a consistent aspect of the U.S. economy. Even at the relatively low rates of approximately 2% that prevail today, inflation can have an important impact on property tax appraisal and must be treated consistently. In this paper, we derive the proper formulas...

This paper explores the discounted cash flow valuation methods. We start the paper with the simplest case: no-growth, perpetual-life companies. Then we will study the continuous growth case and, finally, the general case. lt;brgt;lt;brgt;The different concepts of cash flow used in company...

The correct way of valuing seasonal companies by cash flow discounting is to use monthly data. We may use annual data, but it requires some adjustments. We show that when using annual data in the context of the adjusted present value (APV), the value of the unlevered equity (Vu) and the value of...