How much employment can be generated by decreasing payroll taxes? We examine this question by exploring the staggered rollout of a large payroll tax reform in Brazil. Using administrative matched employer-employee data, we find an increase of 5 percent on employment due to both firm growth and...

This paper studies the labor market effects of a large payroll tax cut for female hires in Italy. Starting in January 2013, the payroll tax rate paid by the employer for female hires was reduced by 50 percent for a period of 12 months for temporary jobs and 18 months for permanent jobs....

This report presents results on a review of data available to the State Revenue Committee for estimating the Personal Income Tax and Social Security Contribution gaps. It is concluded that SRC has sufficient quality data available from operational audits to assess the gaps

How much employment can be generated by decreasing payroll taxes? We examine this question by exploring the staggered rollout of a large payroll tax reform in Brazil. Using administrative matched employer-employee data, we find an increase of 5 percent on employment due to both firm growth and...

Die Studie untersucht den Beitrag der unterschiedlichen Einkommensarten, insbesondere der Einkommen aus unselbständiger Beschäftigung zur Finanzierung der öffentlichen Haushalte im Jahr 2019. Neben dem typischerweise dargestellten Aufkommen aus direkten Abgaben (Sozialbeiträge und...

In this paper, I investigate how individuals perceive the implicit contribution incentives provided by public pension systems. I use the unique setting of the Spanish public pension system, where self-employed workers are allowed to voluntarily determine the level of their Social Security...

This paper studies the labor market effects of a large employer-borne payroll tax cut for unemployed women, introduced in Italy since 2013. I combine social security data with several empirical approaches, leveraging the time-limited application of the tax scheme and discontinuities in...

Minijobs are subsidized small jobs below a fixed earnings threshold. Since a reform in 2003, they are viewed as stepping stones to the first labor market. However, the Minijob subsidy generates a 'Minijob trap' that causes vast bunching at the Minijob earnings threshold. Therefore, Midijobs were...

Many countries subsidize low-income employments or small jobs. These subsidies and their phasing out can generate labor market frictions and distort incentives. The German Minijob program subsidizes low-income jobs. It generates a 'Minijob trap' with substantial bunching along the earnings...

This report presents the findings from an experimental estimation of the personal income tax (PIT) and social security contributions (SSC) compliance gaps for Austria (years 2009, 2014, 2019) and Poland (years 2016-2021). The methodology used was developed during Phase I of this study, which...

How costly are taxes for young firms? In this paper, we demonstrate that even small payroll taxes significantly distort entry, growth, and hiring decisions. First, leveraging cross-sectional variation in the taxes faced by new employers, we find that higher taxes discourage new firms from hiring...

Many countries subsidize low-income employments or small jobs. These subsidies and their phasing out can generate labor market frictions and distort incentives. The German Minijob program subsidizes low-income jobs. It generates a "Minijob trap" with substantial bunching along the earnings...

Guarantee of autonomy and stability of economic subjects from the government can be consid- ered an important gauge of state security. Due to the financial, migration and energy crisis, we can observe a notable increase of social problems, which gives more importance to the policy for social...

Demographic change is putting pressure on the sustainability of State Pension systems in many developed countries. In Ireland, there have been recent calls to reform the system of contributions and/or increase the State Pension age in order to avoid significant shortfalls in the Social Insurance...

This paper uses administrative employer-employee data to uncover the effects of a large payroll tax reduction for minimum-wage workers in France. Exploiting the change in labor costs both at the job level and at the firm level, I find that the policy spurred an additional 13 percentage points...

This paper examines how the economic growth in advanced countries is affected by various types of tax revenue. Ten developed countries were chosen based on the Human Development Index, and data from 1995 to 2020 were examined using the feasible generalized least squares method. A total of 260...

It is commonly argued that payroll tax cuts are inefficient for increasing employment among outsiders because insiders will use their power to bargain for higher wages at the expense of outsiders’ possibility of becoming employed. The extent to which insiders or outsiders reap the rewards of...

Despite unambiguous predictions of the canonical model of a competitive labor market, empirical studies on the labor market effects of payroll taxation provide conflicting evidence. Our meta-analysis shows that varying degrees of labor market competitiveness across places and time could be one...

This paper studies the labor market effects of a large payroll tax cut for female hires in Italy. Starting in January 2013, the payroll tax rate paid by the employer for female hires was reduced by 50 percent for a period of 12 months for temporary jobs and 18 months for permanent jobs....

Analysis has been made on whether the presidential administration of Mexico, which began in December 2018 with anti-neoliberal economic policies, has had an impact and to what extent whit respect to the collection of the payroll tax in the state of Quintana Roo and, as a contrast variable, the...

How should pensions be taxed? We propose income tax and National Insurance reforms that would more evenly support pension saving. Pensions are the biggest component of household wealth and are treated favourably by the tax system. That means getting pensions tax design right matters. It matters...

We attempt to examine the impact of the social security contributions on firms' market performance in the context of the 2010 Social Security Act. Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms, we use a difference-in-difference strategy to identify a causal relationship between the impact of...

This paper investigates the effects of processing export on firms' social security contributions. A consistent pattern emerges that processing exporters in China have higher actual contributions relative to ordinary exporters, which is intriguing as they have been found to be inferior on various...

This paper uses administrative data to analyze a policy that lowered payroll taxes and severance payments for workers older than 45 hired on open-ended contracts. We find small positive effects on open-ended employment. Instead, firms use the money they save on open-ended workers to increase...

To preserve social security as a welfare program primarily for older individuals and to ameliorate the distributional inequity of funding social security across income and wealth levels, this article recommends unbundling the benefit side of social security from its longstanding payroll tax...

The German Federal Government has expanded subsidies for employees with low gross wages (midijob employees) as of January 1, 2023, and raised the upper earnings limit to 2,000 euros. As a result, around 6.2 million midijob employees will benefit from paying reduced social security contributions...

This paper studies the labor market effects of a large payroll tax cut for female hires in Italy. Starting in January 2013, the payroll tax rate paid by the employer for female hires was reduced by 50 percent for a period of 12 months for temporary jobs and 18 months for permanent jobs....

The unfunded social security has long been criticized for reducing capital stock and social welfare. In this paper, we study the aggregate and welfare effects of reforms that make social security tax (SST) age dependent. We characterize the optimal age-dependent SST schedule that maximizes...

This paper develops a machine-learning method that allows researchers to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects with panel data in a setting with many covariates. Our method, which we name the dynamic causal forest (DCF) method, extends the causal-forest method of Wager and Athey (2018) by...

This paper develops a machine-learning method that allows researchers to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects with panel data in a setting with many covariates. Our method, which we name the dynamic causal forest (DCF) method, extends the causal-forest method of Wager and Athey (2018) by...

We use a youth payroll tax cut in Sweden to investigate whether retail firms that were exposed to substantial labor cost savings increased employment of minimum wage workers more than firms that received smaller labor cost savings. Our dataset includes information on both contracted wages and...

Analysis has been made on whether the presidential administration of Mexico, which began in December 2018 with anti-neoliberal economic policies, has had an impact and to what extent whit respect to the collection of the payroll tax in the state of Quintana Roo and, as a contrast variable, the...