This article develops and tests a theory of criminal governance, examining how drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) use bribery and violence to dominate resource-rich regions and counter state interventions. The study draws on data on over 500 political assassinations and 156 lethal attacks on...

When does organized crime resort to assassinating politicians? In narcocracies, criminal groups co-opt political elites through bribery in exchange for protection to traffic illegal drugs. When criminal groups compete, they may also resort to political violence to influence which candidate wins...

This paper investigates the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on economic activity and political violence in emerging countries. We use data on all Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) signed between 25 low- and middle-income countries and their high-income trade partners between 1995...

This article develops and tests a theory of criminal governance, examining how drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) use bribery and violence to dominate resource-rich regions and counter state interventions. The study draws on data on over 500 political assassinations and 156 lethal attacks on...

Do attacks against politicians exacerbate the political underrepresentation of marginalized groups? Existing research suggests that candidates and officeholders from underrepresented groups are more likely to become targets of political violence, but little is known about the consequences of...

Elections in fragile democracies are not merely contests over policy but battles for control over state resources, including foreign aid. Aid provides local governments with substantial discretionary funds, creating strong incentives for rent-seeking political actors to capture political office....

We investigate the effect of anti-immigration attitudes on immigration plans to Europe. We propose a new instrument for attitudes toward immigration, namely, the number of country nationals killed in terrorist attacks taking place outside of Europe. Our first-stage results confirm that such...

This study has three main objectives. The first is to analyse the measures taken by Member States to tackle the abuse or misuse of non-profit organisations (NPOs) for terrorist financing (TF) purposes, in particular those taken in response to the recommendations in the European Commission's 2005...

This article analyses the expansion of Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) across the Sahara-Sahel, using the transplantation framework from criminology to explore how the group relocated. By focussing on this case study, the article offers an examination of how JNIM strategically embedded...

This paper analyses the legal frameworks in Kenya and Uganda, and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) guidelines to ascertain if they are effective in minimising money laundering activities and keeping the countries off of FATF's grey list. The study implements the Two-Pillar methodology that...

The European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (EU TE-SAT) 2025 is a situational overview, which presents aggregated figures and describes the major developments and trends in the terrorism landscape in the EU in 2024. This situation report is based on both qualitative and quantitative...

This paper seeks to understand the impact of terrorism on taxation in Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique; its effects on state-building and consolidation; the reasons that led the terrorist group to collect taxes illegally; and finally, the role of the solidarity of the (Muslim) elite in the face...

We investigate the effect of anti-immigration attitudes on immigration plans to Europe. We propose a new instrument for attitudes toward immigration, namely, the number of country nationals killed in terrorist attacks taking place outside of Europe. Our first-stage results confirm that such...

In the preceding 11 years, Turkey has witnessed 925 terrorist incidents, resulting in the unexpected passing of 1,439 people. Concurrently, the neighbouring nations, Syria, and Iraq, have also experienced a multitude of terrorist activities. This study's main objective is to explore how these...

This study investigates the link between terrorist attacks and public interest in radical Islam and violent extremism, using monthly data from 150 countries between 2004 and 2015. Employing a dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) estimator to account for potential cross-country correlations,...

The EU TE-SAT 2025 provides a situational overview, presenting figures, major developments and trends in the terrorism landscape in the EU in 2024. The report is based on qualitative and quantitative data provided by Member States on terrorist attacks, arrests, convictions, and penalties for...

This report represents the Genocide Prosecution Network's continuous focus on contributing to the legal response to and prosecution of FTFs and female returnees. It builds on its 2020 report which highlighted the importance of prosecuting FTFs, not just for terrorism-related offences but also as...

This report represents the Genocide Prosecution Network's continuous focus on contributing to the legal response to and prosecution of FTFs and female returnees. It builds on its 2020 report which highlighted the importance of prosecuting FTFs, not just for terrorism-related offences but also as...

Based on a transnational case study of an informal value transfer system that UK law enforcement authorities were able to detect, this doctrinal and qualitative study explores the regulation, supervision and enforcement of unlicensed/unregistered hawala operators and similar service providers...

Drones are among the most recent evolutions in warfare, used to respond to or deter insurgent activity and to serve as substitutes for direct troop engagement. We empirically evaluate the effect of drone and air strikes as a deterrent for terrorist attacks, using Somali and Yemeni data from 2016...

Do attacks against politicians exacerbate the political underrepresentation of marginalized groups? Existing research suggests that candidates and officeholders from underrepresented groups are more likely to become targets of political violence, but little is known about the consequences of...

The main aim of this paper is to explore theoretically important mechanisms through which economic inequalities may affect the emergence of political violence given the forms of social mobilization they (may) generate. The paper identifies and explores two mechanisms under which social...

Political violence is a worldwide problem that has been on the rise over the past decade. The international dimension of domestic repression and dissent is a particularly relevant factor yet surprisingly understudied. In particular, governments that heavily depend on foreign aid may crack down...

To date, there is limited understanding about the consequences of wartime dynamics for post-war state-building processes. This paper explores one such dynamics-the forms of governance exercised by armed groups during wartime-and proposes a theoretical framework outlining how forms of wartime...

During recent crises in Europe, new heterogeneous protest movements have emerged that are difficult to label and classify. Existing studies suggest that the common denominator of these protesters is primarily the lack of political trust. Therefore, these new protest movements offer favorable...

This study investigates the impact of terrorism on financial markets, focusing specifically on Turkey's sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) premiums from 2011 to 2017 - period characterized by frequent and diverse terrorist activities. Employing an EGARCH model with dummy variables for various...

Israel's government is rapidly dismantling the separation of powers and expanding its control over the state apparatus. The military response to the attack by Hamas and other armed groups on 7 October 2023 appears to be leading to a permanent reoccupation of the Gaza Strip. The "voluntary"...

A terrorist attack, planned to take place in France on 1 July 2018, was prevented through the actions of the Belgian authorities and their partners in Germany, France and Luxembourg. Based on information from their security services, the law enforcement services initiated an investigation at the...

Given that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the economy, SME survival and resilience are vital during financial, health, or social crises, such as war or political upheaval. The current study conducted a systematic literature analysis from theoretical perspectives...