Almost half of mortgage lending to homeowners in Denmark consists of 30-year fixed-rate loans. The loans are callable, so homeowners can redeem their loan and take out a new one if, for example, they want to refinance at a lower rate if interest rates fall. We calculate a financial incentive for...

We model mortgage refinancing as a bargaining game involving the borrowing household, the incumbent lender, and an outside bank. In equilibrium, the borrower's ability to refinance depends both on the competitiveness of the local banking market and on the cost of switching banks. We find...

The Eurosystem implements its monetary policy through a set of monetary policy instruments (MPIs). The period covered by this report (2022-23) was dominated by high inflation, which led to a change from an easing to a tightening monetary policy environment in line with the mandate of the...

Commercial banks in some euro area member states hold large amounts of sovereign debt that offer a risk premium and hence higher yields than AAA-rated bonds issued by the most creditworthy countries. In particular, banks in vulnerable countries exhibit a bias towards domestically issued...

We develop and solve a dynamic optimization model of a bank's balance sheet, highlighting the critical factors influencing banks' optimization dynamics: balance sheet adjustment costs and the spreads between bank-specific lending and deposit rates and the interbank rate. We apply the model to...

Targeted refinancing operations (TROs) have traditionally been used to improve the transmission of monetary policy, by providing incentives for banks to lend to the real economy. Through TROs, central banks provide refinancing facilities to banks at differentiated interest rates. The criteria...

We exploit variation in the share of seniors across European banking markets to construct an IV for banks' dependence on long-term deposit funding and find that greater long-term deposit funding reduces demand for long-term central bank funding via targeted longer-term refinancing operations...

We evaluate the effects of targeted credit injections of the central bank in the euro area. The aggregate policy impacts of credit easing on financial markets, bank lending and key macroeconomic variables are measured with a novel identification approach based on high-frequency web search data....

Norwegian banks have substantial exposures to commercial real estate (CRE), and developments in the industry are important for financial stability. Higher financing costs, falling CRE prices and a large amount of bond debt maturing in the coming years have increased the refinancing risk...

This paper estimates the social costs and benefits of the Basel III banking regulation application to Moroccan banks, which, inter alia, imposed higher capital requirements. The paper quantifies the impact of higher capital requirements on (i) lending rates, (ii) bank refinancing costs, and...

Norwegian banks have substantial exposures to commercial real estate (CRE), and developments in the industry are important for financial stability. Higher financing costs, falling CRE prices and a large amount of bond debt maturing in the coming years have increased the refinancing risk...

We exploit variation in the share of seniors across European banking markets to construct an IV for banks’ dependence on long-term deposit funding and find that greater long-term deposit funding reduces demand for long-term central bank funding via targeted longer-term refinancing operations...

This paper analyses the exposure to climate risk of ABS, an asset class frequently pledged as collateral in the European Central Bank (ECB) refinancing operations. This paper focuses on ABS backed by auto loans or loans granted to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and explores ways to measure...

Rising mortgage rates have led to one in five Danish fixed-rate mortgages to be refinanced during the first three quarters of 2022. The unique Danish match-funding principle has allowed fixed rate mortgage borrowers to buy back their existing mortgages at a 18 per cent discount, on average. 62...

We exploit variation in the share of seniors across European banking markets to construct an IV for banks' dependence on long-term deposit funding and find that greater long-term deposit funding reduces demand for long-term central bank funding via targeted longer-term refinancing operations...

Using US data over the period of 1988-2021, we find that firms with higher refinancing risk engage in more income-increasing accruals management, which indicates that the firms have opportunistic incentives to inflate earnings to appear financially attractive. We also document that the positive...

We model mortgage refinancing as a bargaining game involving the borrowing household, the incumbent lender, and an outside bank. In equilibrium, the borrower's ability to refinance depends both on the competitiveness of the local banking market and on the cost of switching banks. We find...

We model mortgage refinancing as a bargaining game involving the borrowing household, the incumbent lender, and an outside bank. In equilibrium, the borrower's ability to refinance depends both on the competitiveness of the local banking market and on the cost of switching banks. We find...

We examine why venture capital firms re-invest in portfolio companies also after the IPO. Companies are taken public earlier than optimal, resulting in lower post-IPO returns, and a greater likelihood of, and shorter time to, the first post-IPO VC refinancing

We study how fiscal policy affects the transmission of monetary policy using the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 as a natural experiment. The TCJA capped deductions for state and local taxes, (SALT), and increased the standard deduction, causing many households to switch from itemizing to...

Policy makers have argued that markets are not pricing climate risk appropriately yet, which may lead to a misallocation of resources and financial instability. Climate riskadjusted refinancing operations (CAROs) conducted by the central bank are one possible instrument to address this issue....

During the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the European Central Bank (ECB) expanded the frequency, maturities, size, and set of eligible collateral for several of its standing term refinancing operations (TROs). Changes started in August 2007, when the European interbank market tightened, and the...

Many homeowners miss significant savings by not refinancing when interest rates are low. Among those who may find refinancing difficult are borrowers with balances below $150,000. Low-balance mortgagors pay proportionally more closing costs, are offered higher interest rates, and may find fewer...

The monetary policy of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus is aimed at supporting all market interest rates at a level that enables it to target inflation in order to ensure financial stability and sustainable economic development.The refinancing rate set by the National Bank is a key...

We quantify how banks' funding costs affect their lending behavior directly, and indirectly by feeding back to their net worth. For identification, we exploit banks' heterogeneous liability structure and the existence of regulated deposits in France whose rates are set by the government. Using...

We use quasi-random access to the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) to identify the causal effect of refinancing a mortgage on borrower balance sheet outcomes. We find that on average, refinancing into a lower-rate mortgage reduced borrowers' default rates on mortgages and nonmortgage...