Insurance companies need to calculate solvency capital requirements in order to ensure that they can meet their future obligations to policyholders and beneficiaries. The solvency capital requirement is a risk management tool essential for addressing extreme catastrophic events that result in a...

This study explores the effect of risk management on capital structure deviations. Specifically, we innovatively classify capital structure deviations into direct and indirect deviations, with our classification being based on deviations resulting mainly from changes in either actual or target...

In an era of the overlapping effects of the Covid pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine, it is worth taking a closer look at the markets that focus on risk management, that is, the insurance market, in terms of its further organization and development. The aim of the paper is to examine how the...

Catastrophic natural events in the Czech Republic have always caused a considerable burden on public finance. However, this risk can be transferred to capital market investors through CAT bonds, which have never been used for this purpose in the Czech Republic. The paper deals with the...

We propose a model in which, in exchange to the payment of a fixed transaction cost, an insurance company can choose the retention level as well as the time at which subscribing a perpetual reinsurance contract. The surplus process of the insurance company evolves according to the diffusive...

Global events and geopolitical upheavals, from the COVID-19 pandemic to the US-China trade conflict and Russia-Ukraine war, have propelled the world towards geoeconomic fragmentation. This trend is exemplified by shifts away from free trade and globally integrated supply chains in favour of...

Pandemic risks, such as Covid-19, are difficult to insure as they are characterized by multiple factor risks and losses and involve different types of businesses and people simultaneously. The scarcity of time series and statistical data prevents insurers from developing correct pricing. We...

Equalization reserves is an insurance liability with features of own capital. By law, Swiss reinsurance and non-life undertakings must hold equalization reserves within their statutory accounts. Regarding Swiss solvency modeling, the equalization reserves are set to zero. Swiss reinsurance and...

Stop-loss reinsurance is a risk management tool that allows an insurance company to transfer part of their risk to a reinsurance company. Ruin probabilities allow us to measure the effect of stop-loss reinsurance on the solvency of the primary insurer. They further permit the calculation of the...

In an era of the overlapping effects of the Covid pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine, it is worth taking a closer look at the markets that focus on risk management, that is, the insurance market, in terms of its further organization and development. The aim of the paper is to examine how the...

We propose a model in which, in exchange to the payment of a fixed transaction cost, an insurance company can choose the retention level as well as the time at which subscribing a perpetual reinsurance contract. The surplus process of the insurance company evolves according to the diffusive...

Digital platform ecosystems are making it easier for insurers to reach customers at lower cost and increase customer engagement. Policyholders benefit from more convenient access to insurance, embedding of coverage into other products and services such as travel services, and more personalised...

In the presence of reinsurance, an insurer may effectively reduce its (aggregated) loss by partially ceding such a loss to a reinsurer. Stop-loss and quota-share reinsurance contracts are commonly agreed between these two parties. In this paper, we aim to explore a combination of these...

When firms approach distress, whether they engage in asset substitution (risk shifting) or rebuild equity (risk management) may depend on their access to capital markets. The property-casualty insurance industry has two features that make it ideal for testing this hypothesis: (1) the main losses...

In this paper, we consider a company that wishes to determine the optimal reinsurance strategy minimising the total expected discounted amount of capital injections needed to prevent the ruin. The company's surplus process is assumed to follow a Brownian motion with drift, and the reinsurance...

In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional risk process in which the companies split each claim and premium in a fixed proportion. It serves as a classical framework of a quota-share reinsurance contract for a given business line. Such a contract reduces the insurer's exposure to the...

According to the impact, infectious diseases are a critical risk for 2020 and the following years in the Global Risk Report. The realization of the Covid-19 virus set the pandemic as a crucial global risk for humans, the economy, and society. The main idea of this paper is to give insight into...

We propose a model in which, in exchange to the payment of a fixed transaction cost, an insurance company can choose the retention level as well as the time at which subscribing a perpetual reinsurance contract. The surplus process of the insurance company evolves according to the diffusive...