Europa muss in der Lage sein, sich gegen Russland zu verteidigen, mit oder ohne die Vereinigten Staaten. Im Folgenden geben wir erste Schätzungen der zusätzlichen Ausrüstung und Truppen ab, die Europa unter der Annahme eines tatsächlichen Rückzugs der USA aus Europa für seine Verteidigung...

We provide initial estimates of the additional weapons and troops Europe will need to defend itself, assuming an effective US withdrawal from Europe. Russia's military production has ramped up: In 2024, Russia produced and refurbished an estimated 1,550 tanks, 5,700 armoured vehicles and 450...

Wir liefern erste Schätzungen über die zusätzlichen Waffen und Truppen, die Europa zur Selbstverteidigung benötigen würde, falls sich die USA aus Europa zurückziehen. Die russische Militärproduktion wurde hochgefahren: Es wurden schätzungsweise 1.550 Panzer, 5.700 gepanzerte Fahrzeuge...

In den letzten Wochen sind in Deutschland und anderen Ländern politische Stimmen laut geworden, die sich für eine Reduzierung oder ein Ende der militärischen Unterstützung für die Ukraine aussprechen. Die Befürworter argumentieren, dass die für die Militärhilfe bereitgestellten Mittel...

In den letzten Wochen sind in Deutschland und anderen Ländern politische Stimmen laut geworden, die sich für eine Reduzierung oder ein Ende der militärischen Unterstützung für die Ukraine aussprechen. Die Befürworter argumentieren, dass die für die Militärhilfe bereitgestellten Mittel...

Dieser Artikel stellt und beantwortet aus einer ordonomischen Perspektive zwei Fragen. Die erste nimmt die Perspektive eines Rückblicks, die zweite die eines Ausblicks an. Die erste Frage lautet: Wie konnte es in der Diskussion um den Ukraine-Krieg zu einem Diskursversagen kommen? Hier geht es...

Dieser Artikel stellt und beantwortet aus einer ordonomischen Perspektive zwei Fragen. Die erste nimmt die Perspektive eines Rückblicks, die zweite die eines Ausblicks an. Die erste Frage lautet: Wie konnte es in der Diskussion um den Ukraine-Krieg zu einem Diskursversagen kommen? Hier geht es...

Russia wants to realise a high degree of self-regulated stability in the Arctic. Moscow considers this necessary for overcoming the many problems and obstacles to development that are linked to its ambitious plans as well as the consequences of climate change. The regression of sea ice is...

Export controls for dual-use items are an important constituent element of both the security policies of state exporters and WMD non-proliferation efforts. Dual-use goods and technologies can be used for both civil and military purposes, which requires careful oversight over their export to...

Export controls for dual-use items are an important constituent element of both the security policies of state exporters and WMD non-proliferation efforts. Dual-use goods and technologies can be used for both civil and military purposes, which requires careful oversight over their export to...

La bibliografía especializada coincide en que la evolución de la política de seguridad en México corresponde a un proceso de militarización. De un lado, este proceso se ha caracterizado por la reconstitución de las instituciones y organizaciones militares en ejes centrales de la política...

This Opinion by FRA aims to inform the European Parliament’s position on the legislative proposal for a recast Directive on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third country nationals (Return Directive), presented by the European Commission on 12...

In modern times, the mobility of people and data are becoming essential to business. An important role in this development is played by wireless technology, but the risks to users of wireless technology have increased as the service has become more popular. As mobility and the use of smaller,...

This Opinion by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) aims to inform the European Parliament’s position on the legislative proposal amending the Visa Information System, the Visa Code and other related provisions of EU law. The European Commission presented the proposal on 16...

This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book explores if and how Russian policies towards the Far East region of the country - and East Asia more broadly - have changed since the onset of the Ukraine crisis and Russia’s annexation of Crimea. Following the 2014 annexation and the...

Structural change in the international order will have the greatest effect in East Asia with the ascendancy of China as a world economic power. A two-pillar post- Cold War policy of “shaping†China into a model country while “hedging†against its potential as a...

The European Union (EU) recognises the need to address the threat of terrorism, and further develop cooperation within both its neighbourhood and external regions to prevent or counter violent extremism (P/CVE). The EU’s Counter-Terrorism (CT) Strategy comprises four pillars – Prevent,...

This article aims to clarify the main parameters that define security policy in Europe and the United States. A historical review on the principal economic, political and military agreements in these two dipoles of power is presented from the dawn of Cold War to nowadays. We also examine the...

The paper examines the relationship sustainable development - national and international security as an expression of unity between security policy, economy, social environment and ecology. JEL classification: O10 .

The Netherlands has a long-standing legal framework concerning Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism preventive measures, which dates back to 1993. The legal framework for Customer Due Diligence is generally adequate; however, a number of provisions are problematic. The...

These reports from EU Member States provided the background for the second volume of FRA’s report on National intelligence authorities and surveillance in the EU: Fundamental rights safeguards and remedies. The country studies were prepared by FRA’s research network, FRANET. These studies...

In accordance with the mandate of the Protection and Security Advisory Group (PASAG), this report aims to identify the scientific, technological and innovation priorities for the Horizon 2020 Societal Challenge 7: Secure societies – protecting freedom and security of Europe and its citizens....

This review of the strategic evaluations carried out on behalf of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for International Co-operation and Development (DG DEVCO) is part of a DG DEVCO and European External Action Service (EEAS) exercise aimed at updating the European Consensus on...

Information security policy defines the governance and implementation strategy for information security in alignment with the corporate risk policy objectives and strategies. Research has established that alignment between corporate concerns may be enhanced when strategies are developed...

In this paper, I show that the European Union (EU) is less than a state, but more than an international organization. Although it possesses some characteristics of both, the European Union is, I argue, a sui generis project: Although the EU wields extensive influence in some policy areas (such...

In “Are Voters Sensitive to Terrorism? Direct Evidence from the Israeli Electorate,“ Claude Berrebi and Esteban F. Klor analyze the causal effects of terrorist attacks on the political preferences of the Israeli electorate. In this comment, I discuss Berrebi and Klor's empirical approach -...

This Detailed Assessment Report reviews antimoney laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) measures for Germany. The report reveals that Germany has introduced a number of measures in recent years to strengthen its AML/CFT regime. Germany has generated a relatively large...

Interoperation and services sharing among different systems are becoming new paradigms for enterprise collaboration. To keep ahead in strong competition environments, an enterprise should provide flexible and comprehensive services to partners and support active collaborations with partners and...

This paper maps notions of insecurity and security policy within the European Union (EU), with a particular emphasis on terrorism and organised crime. The analysis reveals manifold and sometimes diverse dynamics with regard to threat perceptions and policy preferences of European political...

Security as an objectively existing quality which can be discussed in innumerable ways, but it may hardly be ignored and its significance (let alone its existence) may hardly be doubted. Security is a fundamental human need which is a subject of our efforts for its satisfaction and its chronic...

This article examines the Chinese perception of Russian foreign policy during the Putin administration by analysing Beijing’s assessment of Russia’s foreign policy objectives and its policy towards the U.S., as reflected in the official media and the authoritative publications of China’s...

Security as an objectively existing quality which can be discussed in innumerable ways, but it may hardly be ignored and its significance (let alone its existence) may hardly be doubted. Security is a fundamental human need which is a subject of our efforts for its satisfaction and its chronic...

This paper maps notions of insecurity and security policy within the European Union (EU), with a particular emphasis on terrorism and organised crime. The analysis reveals manifold and sometimes diverse dynamics with regard to threat perceptions and policy preferences of European political...

This paper presents Mexico’s detailed assessment report on antimoney laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. Powerful drug cartels, resorting to extreme violence, have extended their activities across various parts of the country, and these activities pose significant...