The objective of this assessment is to identify gender and social inclusion gaps with respect to equitable access to clean and modern energy in the Horn of Africa (HoA) borderlands, specifically in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Sudan. It examines the differences in the...

The international approaches to remittance regulations and policymaking have significantly changed in the last two decades. New regulatory frameworks that aim to protect remittances from illicit flows, such as money laundering and terrorism financing, have emerged. Remittance-sending and...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection. Moreover, the report is intended to inform the update of EUAA's country guidance on Somalia (2025). The report...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection. Moreover, the report is intended to inform the update of EUAA's country guidance on Somalia (2025). The report...

Somalia's accession to the East African Community (EAC) presents a transformative opportunity to accelerate its economic development and integrate more effectively into the regional economy. With membership, Somalia could access a broader market of over 300 million people, enhancing trade and...

Somalia continues to make important strides in advancing its economy and institutions. Following the completion of Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in 2023 and the accession to the East African Community (EAC) in 2024, Somalia has developed and started the implementation of an...

Somalia is highly exposed to climatic shocks. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (NG-GAIN) ranking, Somalia is the most vulnerable country in the world to climate change. Somalia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change. Within the country,...

In 2022, the nomadic population, comprising just over 10 percent of the Somali population, faced the highest levels of monetary, non-monetary, and extreme poverty, along with the greatest inequality. Nomadic households have the highest poverty rates and often lack sufficient livestock to escape...

Somalia's labor market displays some unique traits for its level of income. Somalia has very low labor force participation, likely driven by the limited viability of agricultural and low non-agricultural labor demand. There is also evidence of a dual labor market: i) a small pool of good jobs,...

In 2012, Somalia was considered a failed state characterized by multiple, protracted, and deeply rooted fragility and development challenges. Today, Somalia remains one of the poorest and most fragile countries in the world. The country continues to be affected by ongoing civil conflict, a...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection. Moreover, the report is intended to inform the update of EUAA's country guidance on Somalia (2025). The report...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection. Moreover, the report is intended to inform the update of EUAA's country guidance on Somalia (2025). The report...

This options paper aims to highlight select evidence-based and innovative options for potential programming that could unlock women's and girls' empowerment through the World Bank's portfolio in Somalia. It is the operational companion to the Gender Policy Note 3 which identifies key challenges...

This Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) was conducted at a challenging but promising juncture in Somalia's development journey. Because the Federal Government of Somalia's (FGS's) fiscal space and institutional capacity to deliver public goods and services are limited, marshaling the...

Taxation is often described as the material expression of the social contract. However, this conceptualization largely reflects the Anglo-European experience and provides limited explanatory power for analysing taxation in African states, which did not experience the type of state-society...

We evaluate the impact of a role model intervention on the gender attitudes, college aspirations and education outcomes of youths in Somalia. In 2018, we randomly selected elementary schools to receive a visit from a college student. Within each treatment school, we selected four grades, two to...

In recent months, relations between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Somalia have deteriorated significantly. Previously separate disputes have become intertwined: namely the conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia over the use of Nile waters and the disagreement between Ethiopia and Somalia regarding the...

Somalia stands at a critical juncture with notable progress in stabilisation, better governance, billions in debt relief, joining the EAC, liberating territories from al-Shabab, and lifting the arms embargo. Yet, challenges still remain. The analysis reveals that the current aid system,...

Purpose: The study investigated the possibility of establishing concurrent vocational education and training through microlearning platforms by assessing whether universities in Garowe had the minimum basic facilities to establish such programmes, whether academic staff were aware of the state...

There are still a number of UN arms embargoes in place to prevent the flow of arms and military material into conflict zones. Although the UN Security Council is not generally deadlocked on this issue, it has only taken relevant decisions to re-design the embargoes in a few cases over the last...

Gross domestic product (GDP) serves as a vital indicator of a country's economic health, influenced by factors such as unemployment rates, export-import dynamics, and inflation rates. Understanding the intricate relationship between GDP and unemployment is crucial for navigating the dynamic...

This study investigates the interplay between renewable energy Consumption, urbanization, and carbon emissions in Somalia, a region facing pressing environmental challenges. The study uses advanced econometric techniques like the ARDL model to uncover short- and long-term dynamics that impact...

Over the past three decades, Somalia's economic landscape has witnessed a noticeable dependence on imported goods. The exchange rate was unregulated owing to the collapse of the country's central bank. This unregulated environment has introduced significant volatility in exchange rates,...

The pressing issue of environmental degradation underscores the urgent need for collective action to preserve and restore our planet's delicate balance. This study investigates the relationships between environmental degradation, globalization, renewable energy adoption, economic growth, and...

Somalia has one of the most severe unemployment rates globally, due to its economic instability. Our study focuses on the macroeconomic effects on employment using an ARDL model. The key macroeconomic variables examined are GDP, inflation, FDI, foreign aid, and population growth, with data...

Accurate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) prediction is essential for economic planning and policy formulation. This paper evaluates the performance of three machine learning models-Random Forest Regression (RFR), XGBoost, and Prophet-in predicting Somalia's GDP. Historical economic data, including...

Globally, the spread of economic integration and the lowering of trade protectionism through multiple trade pacts offered the products of many developing nations the chance to access global markets. The international economics literature deeply discusses the influence of trade liberalization and...

Maintaining optimal levels of unemployment and external debt remains a significant challenge for ensuring consistent economic growth in many developing countries. Despite persistent economic difficulties marked by political instability, high unemployment, external debt, inflation, and limited...

The pressing issue of environmental degradation underscores the urgent need for collective action to preserve and restore our planet's delicate balance. This study investigates the relationships between environmental degradation, globalization, renewable energy adoption, economic growth, and...

Over the past three decades, Somalia's economic landscape has witnessed a noticeable dependence on imported goods. The exchange rate was unregulated owing to the collapse of the country's central bank. This unregulated environment has introduced significant volatility in exchange rates,...

Somalia has faced a prolonged challenge of high dollarization, which has limited the effectiveness of conventional monetary policy tools. In response, fiscal policy has taken center stage as the primary means of economic management by the government. This study aims to investigate the asymmetric...

Globally, the spread of economic integration and the lowering of trade protectionism through multiple trade pacts offered the products of many developing nations the chance to access global markets. The international economics literature deeply discusses the influence of trade liberalization and...

Somalia has one of the most severe unemployment rates globally, due to its economic instability. Our study focuses on the macroeconomic effects on employment using an ARDL model. The key macroeconomic variables examined are GDP, inflation, FDI, foreign aid, and population growth, with data...

This study investigates the interplay between renewable energy Consumption, urbanization, and carbon emissions in Somalia, a region facing pressing environmental challenges. The study uses advanced econometric techniques like the ARDL model to uncover short- and long-term dynamics that impact...

This study explores the critical factors of climate-inclusive financing for durable solutions for forcibly displaced persons (DSFS) in Baidoa, Somalia, focusing on the interplay between financial autonomy, governance, and spatial dynamics. Utilizing multiple regression analysis, the research...

Gross domestic product (GDP) serves as a vital indicator of a country's economic health, influenced by factors such as unemployment rates, export-import dynamics, and inflation rates. Understanding the intricate relationship between GDP and unemployment is crucial for navigating the dynamic...

Somalia stands at a critical juncture with notable progress in stabilisation, better governance, billions in debt relief, joining the EAC, liberating territories from al-Shabab, and lifting the arms embargo. Yet, challenges still remain. The analysis reveals that the current aid system,...

This paper aims to empirically examine the relationship between GDP and unemployment in Somalia from 2000 to 2021. The study also estimates Okun's coefficient. To evaluate the association between the unemployment rate and economic growth, we employ the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter detrending...