This report describes the ESG integration practices at GPF as a practical example of how a pension fund can integrate ESG considerations into its investment practices and processes. The report focuses on the incorporation of ESG issues into our investment analysis and decision-making process....

Many countries that have large surplus financial resources but contend with limited land and water resources use large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) in foreign countries to ensure national food security and earn long-term returns on their investments. LSLAs can provide positive direct and...

While market mechanisms and private initiatives can deliver much for development, public action is also necessary to: maximize the economic benefits of the extractive industries; manage potentially large capital and revenues flows; minimize adverse environmental and social impacts; and steer the...

1.Sovereign Wealth Funds: An Overview -- 2. The Evolution of Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Bibliometric Analysis -- 3. Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Local and World Economy: Are They Good or Bad Investment Actors? -- 4. Standards for Sovereign Wealth Funds: The Santiago Principles and Beyond --...

This paper examines the performance of 538 sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investments into venture capital, private equity, and real asset funds ("alternative asset funds") from 52 countries around the world over the years 1995-2020. The data indicate SWFs are significantly slower to fully...

This paper investigates the dependence of the investment behaviour of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) on the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance of their underlying investments in public equity holdings. We deploy a control variable, which monitors the Corporate Social...

The heightened volatility of commodity prices in recent years, reflecting the effects of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, begs the longstanding question of the optimal fiscal policy response to commodity price shocks. Fiscal performance in most commodity-exporting countries is typically...

The Selected Issues paper focuses on climate change in Kiribati. This note summarizes the main ways in which climate change may negatively affect the economy of Kiribati. It then shows how Kiribati may cope with these negative effects by implementing adaptation projects, as well as by...

The heightened volatility of commodity prices in recent years, reflecting the effects of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, begs the longstanding question of the optimal fiscal policy response to commodity price shocks. Fiscal performance in most commodity-exporting countries is typically...

The past two decades have seen a rapid rise in large-scale, state-led transnational investment from countries as different as China, Norway and Russia. By bundling economic resources, these countries have entered global markets through massive state-led investments. This transformation of states...

This paper empirically investigates the economic correlates of the size of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF). We exploit a panel of 28 SWFs for the period 2008-2018. Findings highlight that: (i) GDP is positively associated with the size of the SWF so confirming that richer countries have larger...

We examine how sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investments affect target firms’ cost of debt. Using a large sample across 39 countries from 2004 to 2019, and applying a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, we find that the loan spread of target firms decreases after equity investment by SWFs....

"Zongyuan Zoe Liu provides the first in-depth examination of sovereign funds in China. Under President Xi, the state has become an aggressive financier, using sovereign funds at home and abroad to secure allies and influence, boost strategic industries like semiconductors and fintech, and pick...

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Role of Vietnam in a changing global economy -- Chapter 3. Literature on corporate governance and ownership structure -- Chapter 4. Vietnam’s corporate governance, regulatory and institutional settings -- Chapter 5. Empirical research methodology --...

We consider the portfolio choice of a government with a Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) when government revenues depend on exhaustible resources, such as oil and gas. The question is whether the SWF portfolio should underweight shares in the resource industry. Some studies have found that these...

This paper focuses on the relationship between corporate governance and corporate performance by initial public offerings (IPOs) of Kazakhstan state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the transition economies of Central Asia. It argues that privatization (i.e., IPO) has different effects depending on...

The study focuses on the political economy of oil resources management in Nigeria with the sole purpose of showcasing how far the country has gone in effectively managing its crude oil proceeds. It presents a brief history on the excess crude account as well as the sovereign wealth fund in...

The Swiss Federal government finances are in an excellent shape: debt is small (and decreasing), and carries a low interest rate. This paper reviews the prospects for the Swiss finances drawing on the recent literature. We argue that the current policy of running surpluses and paying down the...

Every oil producing nation is confronted with a complex and fundamental ethical dilemma. On the one hand, there are moral arguments for the nation to use the petroleum resource for the benefit of society and make it available for countries who do not have this natural resource endowment. On the...