With investments in outer space growing exponentially and with more states seeking to develop domestic space capabilities, states should be aware of their rights and obligations under international space law and of the potential applicability of investment protection obligations to space...

Are there too many satellites in Low Earth Orbit, or too few? Why not use a market mechanism such as space launch auctions or orbit auctions to answer this question? This paper contributes to the literature on outer space governance by proposing a novel method of outer space governance: orbit...

Human exploration of outer space has stimulated multiple innovations from both government and private sources. The decision to invest vast sums of money over a short period of time for the moon programs of the 1960s radically increased the level of innovation. Accomplishing this required new...

What would it mean for people to make outer space better rather than worse? Earth-based intuitions about the relationship between humans and the environment often assume that humans are a source of degradation and pollution, and that the best thing humans can do is to leave the environment alone...

Der Bericht untersucht die rechtlichen Fragen, die sich im Kontext der mit "New Space" umschriebenen Transformation der Raumfahrt stellen. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet das internationale Weltraumrecht. Aus diesem ergibt sich die staatliche Pflicht zur Genehmigung und Beaufsichtigung...

The aim of the study is to provide a set of policy recommendations for the involvement of civil society in EU space policy. To do so, the first part of the study (Section 2) will provide a comprehensive overview of European space governance and the main actors involved in it, such as the...

In this working paper we present and discuss the main directions in the development of the outer space policy with a special focus on the relation between the European countries. The strategic importance of the outer space has been acknowledged during the Cold War and has stayed that way ever...

Space-related activities are being transformed by NewSpace innovations. The ongoing commercialization of the space sector offers a series of opportunities, from increased funding to support space exploration missions, to assisting with the mitigation of space debris, to digitalization and access...

Chapter 1 An Overview of Space Tourism -- Chapter 2 Space Firms -- Chapter 3 Space Travelers -- Chapter 4 Space Travel Agency -- Chapter 5 Space Hotels -- Chapter 6 Space Insurance -- Chapter 7 Legislation of Space Tourism -- Chapter 8 Space Medicine -- Chapter 9 Space Debris -- Chapter 10 Space...

Towards a new legal ecosystem for the exploitation of space / Philippe Clerc -- The EU Regulation for the Space Programme : a new framework for EU Space Activities / Kamlesh Brocard -- Commercial Space Activities in the U.S. : An overview of current policy and regulatory framework / Catrina...

This paper situates the ongoing debate and recently changing political narrative around the fundamental principle of “peaceful purposes” as enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty. The origins and evolution of the meaning of peaceful purposes are discussed. Further, the paper advances arguments...

Space Tourism is evolving as a recent contemporary development. And at the same time, even the discipline of Space Law is also not that old and developed enough to be able to define the limits for regulating such Tourism. As such, it becomes necessary to study the impact that such Tourism can...

"New space", characterised by new commercial players bringing cutting-edge business techniques and funding methods to space activities, has brought disruptive innovation and democratised access to space. But there also reasons for concern, as this has led to an intensified use of the orbital...

We estimate the long-term effect of public R&D on growth in manufacturing by analyzing new data from the Cold War era Space Race. We develop a novel empirical strategy that leverages US-Soviet rivalry in space technology to isolate windfall R&D spending. Our results demonstrate that public R&D...

The United States Congress recently passed the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (“CSLCA”). Title IV of the Act ultimately recognized commercial property rights in resources extracted from extraterrestrial bodies. Consequently, the passage of such legislation has once again...

What do recent advances in economic geography teach us about the spatial distribution of economic activity? We show that the equilibrium distribution of economic activity can be determined simply by the intersection of labor supply and demand curves. We discuss how to estimate these curves and...

Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty states that “the activities of non-governmental entities shall require authorization and continuing supervision.” This has caused confusion for the US government and for private entities that plan to operate in outer space engaging in nontraditional...

A subset of a topological space (X, ) is called preopen if ⊂ . The complement of a preopen set is called preclosed set. In the literature preopen sets have been utilized to characterize separation axioms, covering properties and functions. The aim of this paper is to introduce and study class...

Let (, ) be a topological space. A point is in the —closure of A, denoted by cl, if each closed neighbourhood of intersects . The pair (, cl) is a closure space, also called a neighbourhood space. A subset is —closed if = cl. —closed sets are closed sets for a new topology on the set . The...

Imagine the excitement of traveling to the upper limits of the atmosphere, experiencing weightlessness and the beauty of mother Earth, and returning home to share your stories. Several companies in the United States are developing and actively marketing this experience and it is anticipated that...

This article examines the definition and delimitation of outer space and its relationship to air space, and proposes a remedy to the uncertainty created by the significant differences in the Air Law and Space Law regimes. COPUOS and the academic community have discussed and debated the issue of...

"This book explores the privatization of space and its global impact on the future of commerce, peace and conflict. As space becomes more congested, contested, and competitive in the government and the private arenas, the talk around space research moves past NASA's monopoly on academic and...

"This authored book addresses the global issues and solutions pertaining to outer space law and policy, addressing the United Nations international five space treaties, the main contents of thirty countries' domestic space law and policy as well as their national space agencies and two space...

Since the 70s, the Andean Community of Nations, an important union of countries in South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Peru), seeks for economic union and the creation of joint projects for the development of its member countries. One of the fields of action of the...

It is well known that the modern day technologies that drive our global society are highly dependent on the use of outer space. For example, daily activities such as sending emails, making phone calls and carrying out bank transactions cannot be done unless satellite technologies are involved....

During recent years, Latin-American countries have initiated the creation of space policies in order to find a place on the global list of countries which already have activities in space. Recently, countries such as Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela have joined Brazil and Argentina in their interest...

As outer space, like the Internet, is a global resource available for the use of all humanity, its governance has been used by a number of authors as an analogy to Internet governance. However the distinct manner in which each of these governance regimes evolved has resulted in a number of...

This article explores new innovation policy measures aimed at ongoing transformation of the space industry in Russia. The current implementation of a wide range of state programs and presidential decrees helps to maintain the leading position of Russia in the space industry and expanding...

Before 2009, the literature on space law simply alleged that the growing population of space debris congesting near-Earth orbits is analogous to Garrett Hardin’s ‘Tragedy of the Commons’. These works, however, failed to illustrate how, if at all, the metaphorical model fits the actual...

This article explores new innovation policy measures aimed at ongoing transformation of the space industry in Russia. The current implementation of a wide range of state programs and presidential decrees helps to maintain the leading position of Russia in the space industry and expanding...