Data have changed the characteristics of the global value chain in the context of digital economy. Standards and innovation are the key facilitators of digital economy. Considering the collaborative development of innovation and standardization, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the...

Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have gained prominence in the agri-food sector as marketbased tools to address environmental and social concerns in global supply chains. While third-party certifications like Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade have been extensively studied, company-led...

Using data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys from 2006 to 2023, this paper studies the corporate ethical standards of technological digital oriented firms. The findings indicate that technology and digitalization positively impact the adoption of environmental and social standards. However,...

This paper explores the role of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) in shaping technological development and regional innovation in Europe's telecommunications sector. Results reveal strong geographic concentration, particularly in Helsinki and Stockholm, which account for one-third of...

The effects of minimum wages on workers and firms depend on enforcement and compliance. While most research examines local determinants, this paper explores whether international market enforcement influences minimum wage impacts. In South Africa farmers exporting to the EU must comply with...

Seit der Bologna-Reform stehen die Qualitätssicherung und Professionalisierung der Hochschullehre verstärkt im wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskurs. Der mit dem Paradigmenwechsel vom "Teaching to Learning" einhergehende Fokus auf die aktive Mitgestaltung des Lernprozesses durch...

Humans have developed and employed manuals to systematically organize, standardize, and transfer knowledge for decision-making in organizations. These manuals and standards have served as a "conventional copilot" for humans’ intellectual activities, taking the form of collected references or...

Standardization was the scheme that replaced meritocracy in Sri Lanka education, with positive discrimination to increase the majority Sinhalese community's university enrolment. It did so by minimizing better-qualified minority Tamils' university entry, even as the quest for Tamil separatism...

This Policy Brief proposes the establishment of an agreement on conformity assessment between the EU and the US that covers machinery and electrical equipment. The initiative aims to increase the number of European and US conformity assessment bodies authorized to test and certify EU and US...

The Philippine government has promoted and institutionalized the delivery of basic services in resettlement sites through various flagship housing programs and the issuance of policies, guidelines, and/or standards. Existing literature suggests, however, that most resettlement sites lack the...

Purpose: This paper explores the influence of ISO 9001:2015 certification on business performance in the packaging industry in South Africa. Additionally, the study proposes a comprehensive and sustainable quality management system (QMS) framework that harmonises with the stipulated requirements...

An increasing number of products are battery-powered, leading to a wide range of different battery charging systems. For a selection of handheld electronic devices, common charging interfaces using USB-C connectors were recently adopted under Directive (EU) 2022/2380 for radio equipment (RED)....

EURM-021 is a certified reference material (CRM), containing powder from fish fillet. It is certified for its taxon, the species Pollachius pollachius (pollack), in accordance with ISO 17034:2016 [1]. The material was produced at the European Commission's (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC) from...

Internet standards involved in routing, browsing, e-mail security, as well as best practices for Domain Name System (DNS) aim at improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report focuses on the current status of adoption of this set of key Internet...

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of...

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for...

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the...

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q3 2024 across EU...

This report presents the results of a feasibility study of the European Digital Skills Certificate (EDSC), as Action 9 of the Digital Education Action Plan (2021-2027). The study reflects the results of a year-long series of consultation activities that have engaged a wide range of stakeholders....

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern...