The rising phenomenon of private label brands across the globe has given grocery retailers new areas for competition and growth. As a result, this has spiralled competition between private label brands (PLBs) and national brands (NBs). With the grocery retail space undergoing various transitions...

The effectiveness of specific marketing actions taken by retailers is different depending on the product category. This paper aims to analyse the role that different product categories play in consumer response to retail assortment. Hypotheses are tested in an online experiment using consumers...

Am Beispiel einer Händlermarke (Store Brand) aus dem Lebensmitteleinzelhandel wird aufgezeigt, wie sich deren Image mit Hilfe einer Multi-Item-Skala messen lässt. Dabei werden insbesondere das theoretische Konstrukt "Store-Brand-Image" und die Konstruktion dieses Messinstruments näher...

Joint ownership of a trademark is, in many ways, the intellectual property equivalent of any general partnership. The General Partners shall be collectively responsible for the activities of the partnership and shall be equally empowered to act in the name of the partnership. Similarly, the...

This study attempts to verify the linkages between trademark registration and firm growth based on the different stages of development and two groups of sectors by using Korean firm data. Two different paths of firm growth in Korea are identified. In the trademark-dominant group, trademarks...

The identification of ecological innovation and ecologically innovative firms is important for understanding the role of innovation and technology in the transition to a greener economy. Information from patent and trademark data offers an objective, transparent, fast, and cost-effective way to...

The recent rise of the blockchain based technology of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) hasalready led to a number of lawsuits where NFTs are alleged to infringe trademarks. These caseshave generally centered around the inquiry of likelihood of confusion, as most trademark casesdo, but have also raised...

Am Beispiel einer Händlermarke (Store Brand) aus dem Lebensmitteleinzelhandel wird aufgezeigt, wie sich deren Image mit Hilfe einer Multi-Item-Skala messen lässt. Dabei werden insbesondere das theoretische Konstrukt "Store-Brand-Image" und die Konstruktion dieses Messinstruments näher...

Trademark squatting is a nightmare for brand owners and global business entities today. It is also increasing in many countries around the world. Generally, trademark squatting is an act of registering other people’s marks as their own by squatters in other countries in order to gain benefits...

This was delivered as the Distinguished Visitor In Intellectual Property Lecture at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law on January 9, 2023.In recent years, trademark owners have increasingly been acting very similarly to those they accuse of infringement or dilution of their...

This article presents a mechanism design analysis of the optimal wholesale tariff proposed by the monopolistic manufacturer of a branded product to a monopolistic retailer if the retailer also sells a private label whose quality is unobserved by the brand manufacturer. While prior literature had...

Trademark law protects famous marks from dilution by tarnishment, defined by statute as use likely to “harm the reputation of the famous mark.” Tarnishing uses are typically those that connect a mark with disreputable goods or topics, like sex or drugs. Mark owners ostensibly worry that...

When purchasing packaged products within a supermarket, consumers choose between proprietary or private label brands. However, when purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables, non-branded produce is the dominant option—with proprietary and private label brands only recently becoming available....

Competition authorities and various digital platform regulations apply a double standard in their criticisms of Amazon's private brand programs. Amazon's private brand practices mimic those used by established retailers for decades. Comparably-sized retailers have orders-of-magnitude larger...

Through private labels, retailers typically provide their customers access to products that are cheaper than national brands. But how large (if any) are the discounts the shoppers receive for private labels relative to national brands in online grocery markets? Using the case of Walmart’s...

trademark is basically an intellectual property that helps the consumers to identify the products and make out a difference among the other products in the market. It protects the interest of the consumers as well as manufacturers in the industry. Registration of un conventional trademark in EU...

We create a new measure of the value of an important, but previously understudied, type of intangible asset--trademarks. We quantify the stock market reaction to the publication of almost one million individual trademarks manually matched to their corporate owners. We find that trademarks...

The likelihood of confusion standard defines the scope of trademark infringement. Likelihood of confusion examines whether there is a substantial risk that consumers will be confused as to the source, identity, sponsorship, or origin of the defendants’ goods or services. This Article presents...

Entrepreneurs and larger firms are waking up to the fact that there is a viable market for recycled, repaired, and even upcycled goods. There is also an increasing desire on the consumer end for more sustainable products as well as measures to reduce landfill and other product disposal harms to...