Refugee protection in Europe is characterized by free-riding and a highly inequitable distribution of responsibilities across EU member states. Refugee protection as a public good suffers from collective action challenges that have contributed to the under-provision of refugee protection...

Syrien ist eines der bedeutendsten Herkunftsländer der zugewanderten Bevölkerung in Deutschland. So hatten Ende des Jahres 2023 rund 933.000 Personen die syrische (und nicht die deutsche) Staatsangehörigkeit, was einem Anteil von 1,1 Prozent der Bevölkerung entspricht. Dabei war in den...

On 8 December 2024, the Assad regime in Syria was overthrown by a rebel alliance led by Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The collapse of the family dictatorship was made possible by shifts in regional and international power dynamics. Key factors included Turkish support for the rebels, the...

On 8 December 2024, the Assad regime in Syria was overthrown by a rebel alliance led by Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The transitional government under Ahmad al-Sharaa now faces enormous economic, social and political challenges. It has yet to establish control over the country as a whole; and...

On 8 December 2024, the Assad regime in Syria was overthrown by a rebel alliance led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The collapse of the family dictatorship was made possible by shifts in regional and international power dynamics. Key factors included Turkish support for the rebels, the...

On 8 December 2024, the Assad regime in Syria was overthrown by a rebel alliance led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS). The transitional government under Ahmad al-Sharaa now faces enormous economic, social and political challenges. It has yet to establish control over the country as a whole; and...

Since 2021, Turkey embarked on a Middle East reconciliation initiative involving Syria, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This initiative responds partly to evolving regional dynamics and Turkey's specific challenges, such as its protracted economic crisis and...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection, and in particular for use in updating EUAA's country guidance document on Syria. The report covers the period of...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection, and in particular for use in updating EUAA's country guidance document on Syria. In order to support the assessment...

This the second update of the JRC scientific analysis on the post-earthquake situation in Turkiye and Syria, which started 6 Feb 2023 at 01:17 UTC - 04:17 local time (previous reports published on 6 and 7 February respectively). Along with updated figures on the humanitarian impact in both...

Small-scale agricultural and horticultural interventions play a critical role in improving nutrition and food security of vulnerable households in peaceful settings. However, scant rigorous evidence exists on the impacts and sustainability of such interventions in conflict settings. In this...

Purpose - This paper aims at contributing to our understanding of how self-settled Syrian refugees (registered and non-registered) use informal practices to forge their non-political agency and how this agency could be considered as political acts. Design/methodology/approach - This paper was...

Purpose - This study aims to highlight the dimensions of the rivalry over the regional role between two regional powers in the Middle East, and the impact of local, regional and international pressures of the Syrian crisis on the role performance of the competing forces....

Purpose - The escalation of Turkish intervention in Arab internal affairs before and after the revolutions of the Arab Spring, particularly the military intervention. Sometimes Ankara threatens with military intervention and sometimes establishes large military bases in Arab countries: Qatar,...

Refugees face important barriers to participation in the formal market, which locks them in informal employment and makes them more vulnerable to shocks. Using data from Jordan, this paper compares the job finding and separation rates of Syrian refugees to those of their hosts before and after...

The data for estimating monetary poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic are outdated. In the context of data scarcity, this paper aims to propose a methodological approach to address the knowledge gap regarding welfare in Syria over the past decade. In particular, the analysis provides (i) updated...

This Syria Economic Monitor leverages innovative alternative and remote-based data sources to analyze recent economic developments in a nation still grappling with the most deadly and one of the most protracted conflicts in recent history. Throughout 2023, Syria's dire economic situation...

Purpose - The escalation of Turkish intervention in Arab internal affairs before and after the revolutions of the Arab Spring, particularly the military intervention. Sometimes Ankara threatens with military intervention and sometimes establishes large military bases in Arab countries: Qatar,...

Since 2021, Turkey embarked on a Middle East reconciliation initiative involving Syria, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This initiative responds partly to evolving regional dynamics and Turkey’s specific challenges, such as its protracted economic crisis and...

This study investigates the impact of the Syrian civil war and refugee status on the risk of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) among Syrian women in Jordan, the country with the second highest refugee-to-native ratio worldwide. We analyze data from the 2017-18 Jordan Population and Family...

Qatar's domestic and foreign policy since the 1990s has developed along three main lines: The emirate has expanded its gas production and supplies liquefied gas to as many countries as possible; it assures itself of US military protection by providing bases; and it conducts a "soft power"...

Speaking at the inauguration ceremony in June after being sworn in for the third time as the president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoægan promised the nation that his policies in the coming five years would "crown the second century of the republic with the Century of Türkiye". Turkey has...

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the ensuing EU–Russian clash over the fate of Ukraine highlight the importance of explaining the outcomes of EU–Russian crisis bargaining. Complementing existing accounts, we argue that favourable preference constellations are key: The more...

The main objective is to examine the complex relationship between financial development and economic growth in Syria for the period of 1980-2018, using the Artificial Neural Network VAR model, the Non-Linear Causality test using Artificial Neural Networks, the Nonlinear Autoregressive...

War causes disruption. In this study, we examine risk preferences and self-control behaviors of young children from Syria as they were exposed to the Syrian war. We measure children’s risk preferences and self-control ability using incentivized games. To discern the effect of the war from...

The goal of this study is to look into the hidden dangers of water disputes among Turkey, Syria, and Egypt. Everyone is aware of the fact that natural resources like water is the building block of development of any country. Water is a valuable resource that is becoming increasingly scarce. With...

Much of the existing policy studies and academic articles on integration of migrants and refugees focus on either the perspective of policymakers and host societies or refugees themselves living within a single institutional environment. This report adopts a simultaneous top-down and bottom-up...

Speaking at the inauguration ceremony in June after being sworn in for the third time as the president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised the nation that his policies in the coming five years would "crown the second century of the republic with the Century of Türkiye". Turkey has...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of international protection status determination, including refugee status and subsidiary protection, and in particular for use in updating EUAA's country guidance development on Syria. The report covers the period...

This is the third update of the JRC emergency report on the ongoing earthquake crisis in Türkiye and Syria, which started 6 Feb 2023 at 01:17 UTC - 04:17 local time (previous reports published on 6, 7 and 8 February, respectively). Along with updated figures on the humanitarian impact in both...

This is the fourth JRC emergency report on the ongoing earthquake crisis in Türkiye and Syria, which started 06 Feb 2023 at 01:17 UTC - 04:17 local time (previous reports published on 06, 07, 08 and 10 February, respectively). Please note that this report is complementary to the previous ones,...

In the 2022 local administrative council elections, as in earlier local and parliamentary elections, the Baath Party maintained its dominant role. It put up a large number of Baathist candidates for the purpose of propaganda, organised the electoral process and controlled the results....

Before 2011 the Syrian pharmaceutical industry could boast of a distinguished position among those of the Arab nations. It was propelled by a thriving private sector that facilitated the provision of affordable services with acceptable quality. Nevertheless, the outbreak of violent conflict in...