This study examines two key challenges in services trade research: the reliability of trade data and the measurement of non-tariff barriers, particularly the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). Using firm-level panel data from Türkiye with fixed effects, we show that international data...

We examine the extent to which financial sanctions imposed by Germany through its European Union and United Nations commitments cause collateral damage on Germany's trade in goods and services. Financial sanctions reduce Germany's inflows and outflows of financial assets, as well as imports and...

Although many firms operate on global digital platforms, small countries and firms also play an essential role at the national level, especially during crises and the slowdown in globalization. This research investigates trade patterns in digital services at the country and firm level and...

We examine the extent to which financial sanctions imposed by Germany through its European Union and United Nations commitments cause collateral damage on Germany's trade in goods and services. Financial sanctions reduce Germany's inflows and outflows of financial assets, as well as imports and...

This study examines two key challenges in services trade research: the reliability of trade data and the measurement of non-tariff barriers, particularly the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). Using firm-level panel data from Türkiye with fixed effects, we show that international data...

Conventional wisdom suggests that when business regulation is excessive, deregulation should enhance efficiency. The liberalization of services markets in Croatia demonstrates that this is not necessarily the case, particularly when features of the reform process allow undue influence by those...

We study the effects of services trade reforms in a multi-country multi-sector quantitative trade model with input-output linkages. We find that (i) welfare gains from substantial services trade liberalization are large, around 3 percent on average; (ii) gains are larger by 0.7 percentage points...

This paper investigates the impact of services sector liberalization on product innovation of downstream manufacturing firms. Leveraging firm-product panel data from India and employing a shift-share research design, I find that services liberalization significantly increases firms’ product...

The Combined International Trade and Investment Data (CITID) represents a new innovative and comprehensive data landscape that combines firm-level data focused on international trade and investment. The datasets are sourced from both the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Federal Statistical Office of...

We investigate the systematic complementarities between import and export activities of firms using a novel firm-level data set for Germany. Specifically, we examine whether firms that import more are also inclined to export more, decomposing this relationship into extensive country and product...

Conventional wisdom suggests that when business regulation is excessive, deregulation should enhance efficiency. The liberalization of services markets in Croatia demonstrates that this is not necessarily the case, particularly when features of the reform process allow undue influence by those...

Trade in services is an important component of international trade and is becoming increasingly more important with growth rates exceeding the rates with which goods trade increases. This is also true in the bilateral U.S. - EU relationship: Trade in services, and especially trade in digitally...

Agriculture is the primary sector sustaining the Indonesian economy. However, appropriate policies are also required to support the service sector. Therefore, this study aims to analyze two central policies: the impact of trade openness and the role of the service sector on agriculture and...

A pesar de la importancia creciente del comercio de servicios en entornos digitales, su medición es incipiente y enfrenta limitaciones, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Este trabajo busca reducir esta brecha mediante la construcción de una nueva base de datos de más de 2.600 sitios en...

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a forward-looking trade agreement between member economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its free trade agreement (FTA) partners (AFPs) namely Australia, China, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand (i.e., non-ASEAN...

This paper scrutinizes the effects of the European Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market on platform competition in media markets. Platforms that are Online Content-Sharing Service Providers must have a license agreement with collective management organizations that control the...

Trade in services has been of special interest to both India and the EU as services are a major contributor to GDP and trade flows in the two economies. Steadily rising services trade between India and the EU is, however, characterized by certain peculiarities, which are worth noticing. These...

The access to foreign knowledge via service imports fosters the success of innovations in Germany. The probability of firms in- troducing new or significantly improved products, services, or processes is more than twice as high for those that import knowl- edge services than for non-importers...

In this paper, we project the impact of the implementation of a Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) on Services Domestic Regulation (SDR). We proceed in three steps. First, we include the WTO SDR Index, a binary score of SDR implementation in 23 sectors and 86 economies, in a gravity equation,...

The discourse surrounding the EU's supposed over-reliance on digital services imports from non-EU countries, particularly the US, has been a recurrent topic among some political circles. However, this viewpoint tends to oversimplify and misrepresent the nuanced and complex reality of the EU's...

In this paper I make an effort to formalize the possibility of transfer of financial capital across time zones to exploit the benefit of day night mismatch between two countries. The major precondition for such transaction is the completion of production, buying and selling of the product in...

This Policy Brief looks at the latest trends in services trade and tries to show their importance, in its various manifestations, for virtually all countries in the world. The paper starts with a short history of trade in services across centuries. Fast forward to today's realities, the paper...

Services account for one-third of global trade, yet little is known about the impact of trade restrictions on services trade. To make progress in this area, it is crucial to understand through which Modes services are traded (cross-border, movement of people, foreign investment or consumption...

Traditional gravity models posit an inverse relationship between geographical distance and bilateral trade due to increased transportation costs. However, recent literature suggests that bilateral service trade may increase between two countries located at an appropriate geographical distance....

The access to foreign knowledge via service imports fosters the success of innovations in Germany. The probability of firms in- troducing new or significantly improved products, services, or processes is more than twice as high for those that import knowl- edge services than for non-importers...

China has gradually established pilot free trade zones and implemented certain specific policies for its enterprises to deepen the economic system reform and expand the degree of market opening to the outside world. The establishment of a Free Trade Area exerts spillover effects and positive...

Europe's digital transition is starting to bear fruits. Europe's economic landscape is becoming increasingly digital, with sectors like information and communication technology (ICT) capturing a growing share of EU GDP. This Policy Brief examines the impact of these economic shifts on Europe's...

The nominal effective exchange rate (EER) of a currency is an index of the tradeweighted average of its bilateral exchange rates vis-à-vis the currencies of selected trading partners, while the real EER is derived by adjusting the nominal index for relative prices or costs. The nominal EER...

The digital connectivity in the Asia-Pacific region is primarily shaped by the availability of ICT infrastructure, the nature of regulatory policies, and the dynamics of competition among service providers. This paper explores the policies and regulations that affect the costs and accessibility...