Background: In today's business world, where competition lies between supply chains, customer expectations are changing dynamically. Effective order picking in warehouses has become a top concern given expectations for rapid delivery, a larger product range, and continuous support. Methods: In...

Background: Indonesia is an archipelagic country with 17,508 islands spread over the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with thousands of inter-island routes requiring a large and engaged fleet. The vast expanse of the country also leads to challenges related to optimal fleet coverage, routing, and oil...

Background: Accurate inventory management of intermittent spare parts requires precise demand forecasting. The sporadic and irregular nature of demand, characterized by long intervals between occurrences, results in a significant data imbalance, where demand events are vastly outnumbered by...

Background: Warehouses play a vital role in logistics systems, not only for storing goods but also for providing value-added services. To improve warehouse productivity and reduce costs, it is essential to measure their performance and identify inefficiencies. Method: This paper introduces a new...

We propose inventory replenishment and lateral transshipment policies for a distribution network. The distribution centers place weekly regular orders and daily urgent orders to the factory. Two classes of stochastic demands, pre-ordered and peddling, cause either backlogging or lost sales when...

This study investigates the capacity of a developed production planning model to coordinate energy management within a hybrid energy system. The specific focus is on energy-intensive manufacturing firms utilizing renewable energy generation and energy storage. Unlike prior research in the field...

In 2020, humans were responsible for emitting around 50 GtCO2e (about 6.4 tonnes per person). Under the Paris Agreement, national governments have agreed to rein in these emissions to almost zero within 30 years. In order to accomplish this, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories are needed...

The survival of a company is highly dependent on the management of its working capital. Effective working capital management can lead to greater profitability. Insufficient working capital or liquidity shortages can severely hinder profitability and operational sustainability. The primary...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The Spanish qualifications framework for lifelong learning (Marco Español de Cualificaciones, MECU) was adopted in 2022 as a royal decree. In 2024, it was referenced to the EQF. It is structured into eight levels and includes all levels and types of formal education and training. It is in the...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The Norwegian NQF for lifelong learning (Nasjonalt kvalifikasjonsrammeverk for livslang læring NKR) was referenced to the EQF in 2014, alongside its self-certification to the qualifications frameworks in the European higher education area (QF-EHEA). It is structured into seven levels and...

Czechia referenced its national qualifications system to the EQF in 2011 (NÚOV, 2011). Czechia has not yet established a comprehensive NQF, instead, the country has adopted a sectoral approach, aligning specific educational sectors directly with the EQF. In the field of secondary education,...

The Croatian Qualifications Framework (CROQF) (Hrvatski kvalifikacijski okvir, HKO) is a comprehensive 13-level framework. It includes qualifications from all levels and sectors of formal education and training, i.e. general, vocational education and training (VET), higher and adult education....

The Icelandic NQF (Hæfnirammi um íslenska menntun, ISQF) was referenced to the EQF in 2013, along with the self-certification of the Icelandic national qualifications framework for higher education (ISQFHE) to the QF-EHEA. An updated version of the ISQF was adopted in 2016. It is structured in...

The German-speaking Community of Belgium adopted its qualifications framework (Qualifikationsrahmen der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft, QDG) on 18 November 2013. The framework reflects the work done in the Flemish and French Communities but is also inspired by the German qualifications framework...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside with the of national authorities and stakeholders to introduce...

Adopted in 2012, the Bulgarian qualifications framework for lifelong learning (BQF - Национална квалификационна рамка за учене през целия живот - НКР) is a comprehensive, eight-level framework with an additional preparatory level 0. It...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The NQFL encompasses two sectoral qualifications frameworks. The national qualifications framework for higher education (Nationaler Qualifikationsrahmen Fürstentum Liechtenstein für den Hochschulbereich, NQFL-HS) was adopted and self-certified against the qualifications framework for the...

The CyQF was established in 2012, and work on framework design was finalised in 2017, when it was referenced to the EQF. The system of vocational qualifications (SVQ), which was developed by the Human Resource Development Authority of Cyprus (HRDA), is an integral, but distinct, part of the...