Driven by both political camps in Seoul, relations between South Korea and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have deepened significantly since their initiation in 2005. While this intensified relationship was shaped to a large extent by geopolitical developments and increasing...

Following Russia’s attack on Ukraine on February 24, 2022, Western countries have been providing military assistance to Ukraine. However, relative to GDP, the support from the small Baltic and Nordic countries has been greater than that of the larger European NATO countries. This article...

As Europe and the United States head into key elections, the strained security situation in northern Kosovo and heightened tensions between Kosovo and Serbia are raising concerns about stability in the region. To restore its credibility, particularly in its pursuit of EU and NATO membership,...

As Europe and the United States head into key elections, the strained security situation in northern Kosovo and heightened tensions between Kosovo and Serbia are raising concerns about stability in the region. To restore its credibility, particularly in its pursuit of EU and NATO membership,...

How domestic constituents respond to signals of weakness in foreign wars remains an important question in international relations. This paper studies the impact of battlefield casualties and media coverage on public demand for war termination. To identify the effect of troop fatalities, we...

There is a widespread perception these years that strongmen around the world are winning, posing new geopolitical challenges and threats to the Western liberal order and security architecture. This DIIS Report takes a closer look at one of these strongmen, Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The...

China has become a major player in sovereign lending towards Africa during the past two decades but has recently been faced with increasing defaults. A new African debt crisis is looming. • Differences in the motives of sovereign lending between China and Western creditor countries contribute...

While a second Trump Presidency would be challenging for transatlantic ties, US nuclear assurances to its NATO allies in Europe would likely be the last casualty - not the first - of a fraying relationship. There is an intrinsic incompatibility between the United States completely abandoning its...

This paper is one of the first to show systematically that the motives for sovereign lending to African countries differed considerably between China and Western countries during the last two decades. While Chinese lending mainly served its own economic or geopolitical objectives, which is...

In its war of attrition against Ukraine, the Kremlin is counting on outnumbering the enemy over a long period in terms of both hardware and personnel. Following the unpopular partial mobilisation in autumn 2022, the recruitment of contract soldiers and volunteer fighters was stepped up...

NATO’s 2023 summit in Vilnius was dominated by Russia’s war against Ukraine. The summit in Washington, D.C., in July 2024 will be influenced by an additional major conflict in NATO’s neighbourhood: the war in Gaza and the related heightened tensions in the Middle East. These have also...

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the West has been intensively discussing its support strategy. Hawkish positions of strengthening Ukraine via armaments, financial resources, and sanctions against Russia compete with dovish views of avoiding further escalation of the...

Gethin, Martínez-Toledano and Piketty (2022) analyze the long-run evolution of political cleavages using a new database on socioeconomic determinants of voting from approximately 300 elections in 21 Western democracies between 1948 and 2020. They find that, in the 1950s and 1960s, voting for...

This study examines whether there is convergence in military expenditures among NATO countries by using Philips and Sul (2007) convergence methodology. We obtained the primary dataset of 27 NATO member countries between 2009 and 2021 for their military expenditures to accomplish this. The...

How domestic constituents respond to signals of weakness in foreign wars remains an important question in international relations. In this paper, we study the impact of battlefield casualties and media coverage on public demand for war termination. To identify the effect of troop fatalities, we...

The war in Ukraine has not only dramatically changed Western perceptions of geopolitics, but also influenced risk assess-ments of economic interdependencies between Western economies and China. China has gradually emerged as an important, and in some cases indispensable, supplier to Western...

Despite the best efforts of the West, the economic sanctions have failed to be as effective as expected, an unsurprising result if we take into account the fact that not all countries (for example, China, India, Israel, Turkey) have joined these sanctions, and those countries (this primarily...

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines give rise to positive externalities on population health, society and the economy in addition to protecting the health of vaccinated individuals. Hence, the social value of such a vaccine exceeds its market value. This paper estimates the willingness to pay (WTP) for a...

The crisis in Ukraine could escalate into war if Russia and the US and its NATO allies cannot resolve their longstanding standoff over the reach of the transatlantic alliance. Mher D Sahakyan, 2020/21 AsiaGlobal Fellow and co-editor of the book China and Eurasia Rethinking Cooperation and...

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the West has been intensively discussing its support strategy. Hawkish positions of strengthening Ukraine via armaments, financial resources, and sanctions against Russia compete with dovish views of avoiding further escalation of the...

Relations between China and the West appear to be caught in a downward spiral. In the West, there is a widespread perception that China has unduly benefited from economic globalization, while in China, there appears to be increasing concern that the West is seeking to contain China’s rise. In...

Zwischen China und dem Westen bestehen gegenseitige Abhängigkeiten, die für beide Seiten das Potenzial haben, bei einem geopolitischen Konflikt hohe wirtschaftliche Kosten entstehen zu lassen. Sollte China tatsächlich eine Invasion Taiwans planen, wäre der Westen bei dann wahrscheinlichen...

Even though the six Western Balkan countries (WB6) have close political ties with the EU, their alignment with the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has in­creasingly come into focus since the beginning of the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine. The EU should take a...

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the West has been intensively discussing its support strategy. Hawkish positions of strengthening Ukraine via armaments, financial resources, and sanctions against Russia compete with dovish views of avoiding further escalation of the...

Since February 2022, Ukraine has been defending itself against yet another Russian war of aggression. Now that immediate support - military, diplomatic, financial and humanitarian - for Ukraine has improved, the country’s long-term security needs to be addressed. Looking ahead, security...

This chapter provides an overview of emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) policies and strategies at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The integration of AI into military operations holds implications across tactical, operational and strategic decision-making. The authors discuss...

In the wake of the Russo-Ukrainian War's escalation, and the vagaries of the conflict (e.g. reports of NATO "running out of weapons") the military-industrial balance between NATO and Russia has acquired a new topicality. This note attempts a comprehensive comparison of NATO (and more...

The quest for European Security is a protracted interaction of international diplomacy, war anddomestic politics where this article shows how Kosovo is an interplay of all these components.Kosovo is a case where NATO believes that it is strengthening its position of collective security...

The “rule of law” (ROL) is invoked by multinational institutions, Western governments and in China as a political expectation of what legitimate governance looks like. Chinese leaders regularly make claims that are translated into commitments to uphold the ROL, and they generalize this...

Purpose: This study attempts to analyze the changes in the number of policy instruments for food safety risk management issued by the Chinese government since the 1980s. Text mining and instrument quantification are used to investigate the evolution of these instruments, uncover the internal...

Any conflict with a nuclear power like Russia carries the risk that nuclear weapons could be used, and President Vladimir Putin is aggressively exploiting such concerns. With its nuclear threats, the Kremlin is moving away from Russia’s doctrine that ascribes a protective role to its nuclear...

The West's diminished belief in its own transformative capabilities has led to a preference for stabilisation over statebuilding interventions. This working paper explores how this has led to an increased Western focus on applying distance between the intervening state and the subject of...