We evaluate the influence on the skill premium of the task content of jobs by exploiting the text data from online job ads covering 2009-2018 (over 189,000 ads) published by one of the leading Chilean online job portals (www.trabajando.com). Our analysis tests the expected complementarity...

This policy brief draws on the findings of Tverdostup et al. (2025) to examine Austrian firms' responses to labour shortages through automation and migration. Like many European nations, Austria has been grappling with labour shortages over the past decade. These shortages have been influenced...

Digitalisation in the public sector presents both opportunities and challenges, impacting working conditions, work organisation and social dialogue, yet research on its effects remains limited, especially in Germany. In particular, the role of digitalisation in shaping work dynamics, workload...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the next general-purpose technology reshaping labour markets, jobs and skills. A lack of representative data makes it difficult to map AI use and its impact on jobs. This policy brief presents the first results of Cedefop's 2024 AI skills survey. The survey shows...

Cedefop's Labour and Skills Shortage Index (LSSI) aims to provide a standardised measure of occupational shortages that can inform decision-making regarding workforce and learning needs in the European Union.

This publication, the fourth in a series of practical Cedefop skills anticipation guides, was developed in collaboration with UNESCO-UNEVOC. It focuses on skills intelligence and VET for the green transition. The guide highlights the value of sound skills intelligence and smart governance in...

Digital skills are increasingly vital for enhancing employability, as they equip individuals to meet the evolving demands of the modern workforce. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of digital skills on employability, focusing on the influence of both basic and above-basic levels of...

How does firms' skill demand change as the business landscape evolves? We present evidence from the green transition by analyzing how hurricanes impact demand for green skills. These disasters signal the risks of not acting on environmental issues. Using data from U.S. online job postings...

How does firms' skill demand change as the business landscape evolves? We present evidence from the green transition by analyzing how hurricanes impact demand for green skills. These disasters signal the risks of not acting on environmental issues. Using data from U.S. online job postings...

Der Bericht beleuchtet die Bedeutung der Anerkennung ausländischer Berufsqualifikationen für die Fachkräftesicherung aus Sicht von Unternehmen in Deutschland. Die Anerkennung fördert die nachhaltige und qualifikationsgerechte Integration von Fachkräften in den Arbeitsmarkt, verbessert deren...

The world is undergoing a period of profound change, driven by rapid technological change and digitalisation, climate change, globalisation and demographic shifts. These forces are reshaping economies and labour markets globally, albeit at different speeds. This transformation brings...

The world is undergoing a period of profound change, driven by rapid technological change and digitalisation, climate change, globalisation and demographic shifts. These forces are reshaping economies and labour markets globally, albeit at different speeds. This transformation brings...

Skill requirements in a job post reflect an employer’s “wish list,” but do they also reflect skills used on the job by the hired worker? We compare skill measures derived from the text of online job posts with individual-level data from the Danish Labour Force Survey (LFS) in which...

Governments across the globe are implementing stricter environmental policies to combat climate change and promote sustainability. This study contributes to the growing literature exploring the influence of environmental policy on skill-biased employment across various occupations. Specifically,...

We analyze the importance of the educated class for the persistence of mass consumption societies in an economy with a hierarchy of needs.Through the demand for managerial talent (which is needed to operate advanced industrial technologies), the latter generate their own demand for skills. In...

The number of Indian migrants in Germany has risen sharply in recent years. In particular, they are helping alleviate the shortage of skilled workers in STEM professions. For Germany, India is the most important country of origin for labour and education migration. Currently, the profile of...

Skill shortages are a type of skill mismatch whereby employers are unable to fill existing vacancies due to a lack of suitably qualified and/or skilled candidates. Despite representing a significant concern for policy makers, both at national and EU level, the literature on skill shortages is...

The process of industrialization is typically associated with urbanization and a widening urban-rural skills gap. To what extent were these disparities driven by the direct impact on occupational attainment of living in an urban area or the result of the positive selfselection of more-skilled...

Firms in developed countries face increasing shortages of young workers. This paper studies the importance of young workers, particularly vocational trainees, for firm technology investments. Leveraging exogenous variation in trainee supply caused by an education reform in Germany in 2001, I...

The Initiative for coal regions in transition has developed this toolkit as part of its knowledge products to assist practitioners in coal regions (including peat and oil shale regions) across Europe. The aim of this toolkit is to help stakeholders to address the upskilling and reskilling needs...

In the 2021-2027 programming period, the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and Just Transition Fund (JTF) play a significant role in support to skills. Additional funds, such as the Recovery and Resilience Fund (RRF), Erasmus+, Technical Support...

Transversal skills like critical thinking, teamwork, and learning skills are essential for work, education and daily life. Developing and recognising these skills play an important role in promoting sustainable economic growth, social inclusion, and competitiveness. The EU supports employers,...

This report provides updated evidence on the persistence of labour shortages amid declining levels of labour market slack in the EU and at Member State level. This serves as a background to the main focus of the report, which is on organisational policies aimed at attracting workers to...

This report provides updated evidence on the persistence of labour shortages amid declining levels of labour market slack in the EU and at Member State level. This serves as a background to the main focus of the report, which is on organisational policies aimed at attracting workers to...

The objective of the document is to explore the current and evolving role of European public employment services (PES) in the international recruitment of skilled labour and develop recommendations to expand and/or streamline their role. The document maps current involvement of PES structured...