In the Hellenistic era, there was widespread convergence to the Attic standard and a similar narrowing of coin types in terms of aesthetics. The competition between issuers resulted in an equilibrium in which improvements to the consistency and quality of money were sought after. This...

The share of firms investing has continued to increase over the last few years, reflecting the continued strong performance of the Greek economy. The investment outlook is positive. Greek firms are, on balance, positive above the economic climate, business prospects, the availability of external...

The VAT Gap represents the difference between expected VAT revenues and those actually collected, reflecting compliance challenges, policy inefficiencies, and enforcement gaps. As part of the European Commission's ongoing efforts to improve VAT compliance and revenue collection, these 27 country...

This report constitutes the integrated country report for Greece in the project "Building capacity for evidence informed policymaking (EIPM) in governance and public administration in post-pandemic Europe" . The project supports seven European Union (EU) member states (Estonia, Belgium, the...

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits and challenges of a possible in-work benefit scheme in Greece. It reviews the design of in-work benefits in other EU countries and identifies key considerations for implementing such a scheme in an effective way. The paper...

By the end of 2018, there had been 146 ELD occurrences in Greece, of which 29 involved an imminent threat of, or actual, damage to biodiversity, 61 involved water damage, and 69 involved land/soil damage. The number of ELD occurrences since that time is not available. Greece does not have...

Greece is making substantive economic and political progress, despite some lingering problems. After the COVID-19 pandemic, Greece's economy grew considerably. In 2022, gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 5.9 % (European Union (EU) average: 3.4 %). General total government revenue reached 50.2...

This report documents the work done in the most recent annual update for Greece. This work was carried out by the EUROMOD core development team, based at the JRC in Seville, in collaboration with the national team.

In today's rapidly changing economic landscape, financial stability plays a crucial role in ensuring individual and societal well-being. Millennials encounter unique financial pressures, including shifting labor markets, high housing costs, and economic uncertainty, which may impact their...

While the NRSF has introduced more robust governance structures and requires municipalities with Roma populations to prepare Local Action Plans (LAPs), its implementation remains patchy. Many municipalities have yet to finalise or adequately fund LAPs, and those submitted often lack clear...

The aim is to identify gaps in the monitoring network for Greece according to the revised Ambient Air Quality Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2881). The analysis is conducted considering the data officially reported by Greece for the last five years (2019-2023) to EEA's Repornet2. Data has been...

This research uses linear correlation and time-series analysis to examine the evolution of the external debt accumulated in periods of current account deficits and reserve purchases. Statistical data of GIPS countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain), Ireland, and the United States show that...

The aim of this paper is to provide a legal documentation that is conducted under a thorough review of tax legislation and create a dataset, consisting of 120 laws that brought significant changes in the vast majority of categories of taxes in Greece from 1974 to 2018. It is noteworthy that a...

The productivity growth of the Greek economy has stagnated since the 2010 European Debt Crisis. Despite reforms in product market regulations; their impact on productivity has been mixed. Firm-level data shows that resource misallocation worsened from 2009 to 2020; especially in non-tradable...

Greece's judicial system efficiency has been one of the lowest in the EU; affecting adversely the country's economic performance. The massive increase in demand for judiciary services during the crisis period resulted from significant business and personal insolvencies; along with limited...

The strong recent economic recovery has improved Greece's near-term outlook. However, unfavorable demographics require raising the labor force participation, particularly for women, to boost medium-term growth. Using household survey, cross-country comparison, and model simulations, we identify...

This Selected Issues paper analyzes key barriers to labor force participation (LFP) in Greece using household and cross-country data and draw on the literature and simulations to discuss policy options, particularly for women for whom the LFP gap is the largest. Using household survey data and...

The 2025 Article IV Consultation discusses that Greece's near-term economic outlook remains favorable, establishing a solid foundation to address remaining crisis legacies and structural imbalances necessary for achieving sustainable growth in the medium to long term. The right policy mix and...

Greece has coped with large current account deficits and negative net foreign assets for a long time. Now, the country has an opportunity to address this vulnerability through the European Union's Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) and its associated Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP). The...

Cedefop's work on qualifications frameworks dates back to 2003. The Centre has contributed to the conceptual development of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and has supported its further implementation, working alongside national authorities and stakeholders to introduce and develop...

The increasing pressure for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) accountability in publicly funded institutions has raised concerns about the authenticity and efficiency of ESG implementation. This study investigates the relationship between public ESG funding, disclosure quality, and...

This study offers the first systematic exploration of the Greek e-Government team, a public sector innovation unit that operated within the Office of the Prime Minister of Greece from 2009 to 2012-the sole example of such a unit in the country. It illustrates how strategically positioned...

This research aims to determine the utilization levels of local products and the challenges and opportunities of creating a recognizable food-centered cultural identity based on collaborative networks developed between agriculture and tourism. This has the potential to strengthen collaborative...

We study the social and distributional implications of the euro area (EA) sovereign debt crisis in countries that received external financial assistance for macroeconomic adjustments. Combining granular data from about one million survey interviews with households across euro area states carried...

In the current dynamic business landscape, digital transformation is recognized as a critical driver of entrepreneurship, innovation, and growth, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study aims to investigate the key factors influencing digital transformation,...

This paper takes a historical perspective and assesses the evolution of the institutional features in setting the minimum wage in Greece between 1975 and 2023. It also evaluates developments regarding the minimum wage level, its bite and alignment with productivity. The paper reviews the limited...

This innovative study breaks new territory in two key areas: it puts VET centre stage as a key intervention to support NEETs and presents the first mixed-methods research effort to collect and analyse evidence on the profile and role of NEETs teachers in Greece. It fills a significant knowledge...

This study explores the unique realm of women's entrepreneurial leadership within Stewart's role demands-constraint-choice in Greece. This brings to light the underrepresented role of women entrepreneurs in the country and sets out to fill the literature gap by exploring their distinct...

This in-depth review presents the main findings of the Commission's staff assessment of macroeconomic vulnerabilities for Greece for the purposes of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances. It provides technical input to the Commission for the...

Latvia is characterised by a large fleet composed mainly of small-scale coastal vessels. The fishing industry faces challenges due to an ageing fleet and reduced fish stocks. There is little to no demand for the training of fishers in Latvia; therefore, Latvia lacks specialised training...