Adolescence and young adulthood are critical periods in the development of healthy sexual health and relationships, as patterns of behaviour that develop during these life stages shape outcomes throughout the life course. Recent rises in notifications of certain sexually transmitted infections...

The year 2023 marks the third year in which there was a recovery in the figures for TB diagnosis and treatment, following an unprecedented drop in 2020, due to COVID-19- related disruptions. This has reversed the damaging impact of the pandemic and resulted in reductions in the number of deaths...

ECDC cooperates with countries in the Western Balkans and Türkiye to improve their infectious disease prevention and control systems and public health workforce to prepare them for their future participation in ECDC's work. Technical cooperation with countries in the Western Balkans and...

The main objective of the European protocol for the surveillance of SSIs is to ensure standardisation of definitions, data collection and reporting procedures for hospitals participating in the national/regional surveillance of surgical site infections across Europe, in order to contribute to...

In 2024, ECDC conducted a survey on public health workforce capacity in the field of prevention and control of infectious diseases in the EU/EEA. This was in response to requests from several European Member States to help assess existing workforce capacity and identify gaps and additional...

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease, which affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats and other cloven-hoofed animals. It spreads rapidly amongst these animals, through direct contact between animals, or contaminated objects, but also through air and wind. The virus does not...

This report provides an update on progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal Target (SDG) 3.3 and other main global and regional targets for eliminating HIV, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis (TB) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as public health threats. These infections...

Although preventable, viral hepatitis, HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and tuberculosis (TB) remain public health issues in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA), causing substantial morbidity and nearly 57 000 deaths annually. As of the end of 2023, 820 000 people...

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) is cooperating with countries in the Western Balkans and Türkiye to improve their infectious disease prevention and control systems and public health workforce in order to prepare them for their future participation in the Centre's...

Cervical cancer, primarily caused by persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women in developing countries. Although HPV vaccines are widely available in these regions, vaccine uptake remains persistently low. To address...

Preschool-aged children get sick frequently and spread disease to other family members. Despite the universality of this experience, there is limited causal evidence on the magnitudes and consequences of these externalities, especially for infant siblings with developing immune systems and...

An innovation (e.g., new product or idea) spreads like a virus, transmitted by those who have previously adopted it. Agents update their beliefs about innovation quality based on private signals and when they hear about the innovation. We characterize equilibrium adoption dynamics and the...

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) initiated an elaborate multi-method strategic foresight process in early 2022 to consider and prepare for a broad array of potential future scenarios, in order to improve ECDC's preparedness and resilience to future threats. This was...

Between January and May 2025, Austria, Czechia, Hungary, and Slovakia reported a higher-than-expected number of hepatitis A virus (HAV) subgenotype IB cases. Two clusters involving two closely related HAV subgenotype IB strains were identified from sequence data from four countries (Austria,...

Adolescence and young adulthood are critical periods in the development of healthy sexual health and relationships, as patterns of behaviour that develop during these life stages shape outcomes throughout the life course. Recent rises in notifications of certain sexually transmitted infections...

This paper investigates the effect of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) outbreaks on table-egg prices in Mexico. The analysis relies on monthly panel data of the price index of table eggs at the city level linked to records of HPAI outbreaks occurred in producing municipalities. Our...

Preschool-aged children get sick frequently and spread disease to other family members. Despite the universality of this experience, there is limited causal evidence on the magnitudes and consequences of these externalities, especially for infant siblings with developing immune systems and...

Preschool-aged children get sick frequently and spread disease to other family members. Despite the universality of this experience, there is limited causal evidence on the magnitudes and consequences of these externalities, especially for infant siblings with developing immune systems and...

Preschool-aged children get sick frequently and spread disease to other family members. Despite the universality of this experience, there is limited causal evidence on the magnitudes and consequences of these externalities, especially for infant siblings with developing immune systems and...

This study examines the impact of changes in shareholder wealth and risks in cultural and creative industries (C&CIs) from an investor's perspective, testing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using weekly data on cultural and creative stocks in the Taiwan stock market and empirical studies...

Since 2022, the continuous spread of highly pathogenic type A subtype H5N1 avian influenza virus has caused outbreaks in poultry worldwide. This has led to infections in various wildlife and domestic mammalian species, including recent outbreaks among cows in the United States (US), as well as...

Meningococcal meningitis is a deadly acute bacterial infection caused by the Neisseria meningitidis bacterium that affects the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. The World Health Organization launched the "Defeating bacterial meningitis by 2030" initiative in 2018, which relies on...

We study the effects of the largest adverse health shock in modern medicine - the 1918 influenza pandemic - on subsequent shifts in health-related attitudes and behavior and future-oriented policies. Our analysis builds upon self-digitized, individual-level death-register excerpts, vaccination...

We examine the impact of usage of period products and reproductive tract infections (RTI) utilizing the National Family Health Survey-5 conducted in 2019-21 for India. Exploiting the exogenous variation in the average exposure of women in neighbouring households to television, we utilize an...

Poor housing conditions, and the negative effects of Household Air Pollution (HAP) in particular, remain one of the most pressing global public health challenges. While the association between poor housing and health has a long history, evidence of a direct link is lacking. In this paper, we...

Influenza epidemics occur every winter with high impact on disease burden, hospitalisations and excess mortality in the countries of Europe. To understand the characteristics of circulating influenza viruses during seasonal epidemics, virological influenza surveillance is performed, and detected...

ECDC cooperates with countries under the EU enlargement policy to improve their infectious disease prevention and control systems and public health workforce to prepare them for their future participation in ECDC's work. Under this policy, ECDC has been implementing technical cooperation...