Trade in services is an important component of international trade and is becoming increasingly more important with growth rates exceeding the rates with which goods trade increases. This is also true in the bilateral U.S. - EU relationship: Trade in services, and especially trade in digitally...

Agriculture is the primary sector sustaining the Indonesian economy. However, appropriate policies are also required to support the service sector. Therefore, this study aims to analyze two central policies: the impact of trade openness and the role of the service sector on agriculture and...

We study the effects of services trade reforms in a multi-country multi-sector quantitative trade model with input-output linkages. We find that (i) welfare gains from substantial services trade liberalization are large, around 3 percent on average; (ii) gains are larger by 0.7 percentage points...

This study examines two key challenges in services trade research: the reliability of trade data and the measurement of non-tariff barriers, particularly the Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). Using firm-level panel data from Türkiye with fixed effects, we show that international data...

This paper investigates the impact of services sector liberalization on product innovation of downstream manufacturing firms. Leveraging firm-product panel data from India and employing a shift-share research design, I find that services liberalization significantly increases firms’ product...

The Combined International Trade and Investment Data (CITID) represents a new innovative and comprehensive data landscape that combines firm-level data focused on international trade and investment. The datasets are sourced from both the Deutsche Bundesbank and the Federal Statistical Office of...

Conventional wisdom suggests that when business regulation is excessive, deregulation should enhance efficiency. The liberalization of services markets in Croatia demonstrates that this is not necessarily the case, particularly when features of the reform process allow undue influence by those...

Conventional wisdom suggests that when business regulation is excessive, deregulation should enhance efficiency. The liberalization of services markets in Croatia demonstrates that this is not necessarily the case, particularly when features of the reform process allow undue influence by those...

We investigate the systematic complementarities between import and export activities of firms using a novel firm-level data set for Germany. Specifically, we examine whether firms that import more are also inclined to export more, decomposing this relationship into extensive country and product...

Countries seek to maximize economic growth while minimizing environmental damage. Protecting the environment is a natural constraint on economic growth. This paper shows that trade in services helps industries to not only grow but to also become "greener." Trade in services, therefore, has a...

This paper examines the determinants of service exports in emerging Asian economies, with particular emphasis on digital services, which have experienced considerable expansion across the region. Utilizing a structural gravity model, the findings indicate that supply-side factors predominantly...

Services account for 72% of GDP and three quarters of total employment in the EU. The performance of services in themselves is therefore a major determinant of EU economic performance, but services also matter for the competitiveness of all industries as many services are inputs into production....

This guide contains selected tables and graphs outlining the current state of and recent developments in the European Union's trade with the rest of the world. Global trade experienced a significant recovery in 2024, also boosted by a surge in exports to the US towards the end of the year. This...

This guide contains selected tables and graphs outlining the current state of and recent developments in the European Union's trade with the rest of the world. Global trade experienced a significant recovery in 2024, also boosted by a surge in exports to the US towards the end of the year. This...

Services account for 72% of GDP and three quarters of total employment in the EU. The performance of services in themselves is therefore a major determinant of EU economic performance, but services also matter for the competitiveness of all industries as many services are inputs into production....

We investigate the relationship between manufacturing sector productivity and two new measures proxying for barriers to trade in services – restrictions affecting payment for cross-border imports of services and receipts for inward investment. Our services trade policy proxies span the...

A major step towards liberalizing the EU Internal Market for services was taken in 2006 with the EU Services Directive. This study quantifies its impact on EU trade in services and real income and identifies untapped potential due to remaining administrative barriers and weak enforcement of...

The nominal effective exchange rate (EER) of a currency is an index of the trade-weighted average of its bilateral exchange rates vis-à-vis the currencies of selected trading partners, while the real EER is derived by adjusting the nominal index for relative prices or costs. The nominal EER...

Copernicus is the European Union's Earth observation programme, which offers information services that draw from satellite Earth Observation and in situ data. It is managed by the European Commission and implemented by Entrusted Entities. Frontex is the Copernicus Entrusted Entity responsible...

Copernicus is the European Union's Earth observation programme, which offers information services that draw from satellite Earth Observation and in situ data. It is managed by the European Commission and implemented by Entrusted Entities. Frontex is the Copernicus Entrusted Entity responsible...

Foreign trade is a major factor in a country's economic development since it facilitates the integration of the national economy into the global system by granting access to foreign resources, technologies, and markets. In the context of globalisation, economic processes are constantly changing,...

The emergence of global value chains (GVCs) in recent years has underlined the increasing reliance of manufacturing industries on services. Manufacturing firms have intensively used service inputs, performed in-house services activities, and sold services embedded in, or bundled with goods....

How to transform and upgrade the traditional transport service trade into a modern logistics service trade is of great significance for studying the coordinated development of logistics service trade and ecological environment. This paper analyzes the export structure of service trade and the...

In this paper, we project the impact of the implementation of a Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) on Services Domestic Regulation (SDR). We proceed in three steps. First, we include the WTO SDR Index, a binary score of SDR implementation in 23 sectors and 86 economies, in a gravity equation,...

The effects of the betterment of enforced intellectual property rights (IPRs) provisions on services export diversification are investigated. The analysis used an unbalanced panel dataset of 76 developing countries over the period of 1970-2014. The empirical analysis is based on the feasible...

In this paper I make an effort to formalize the possibility of transfer of financial capital across time zones to exploit the benefit of day night mismatch between two countries. The major precondition for such transaction is the completion of production, buying and selling of the product in...

The access to foreign knowledge via service imports fosters the success of innovations in Germany. The probability of firms in- troducing new or significantly improved products, services, or processes is more than twice as high for those that import knowl- edge services than for non-importers...

Services account for one-third of global trade, yet little is known about the impact of trade restrictions on services trade. To make progress in this area, it is crucial to understand through which Modes services are traded (cross-border, movement of people, foreign investment or consumption...