In the Mashreq countries of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon, women's economic opportunities are significantly constrained, with female labor force participation rates among the lowest globally. Women face considerable employment barriers, which include safety concerns related to harassment in public...

Urban sprawl poses significant challenges to urban sustainability, spatial efficiency, and social equity, particularly in mid-sized cities within resource-constrained settings. This study addresses critical gaps in understanding the interplay between urban sprawl and densification processes in...

This study takes a critical look at Franco-German relations in the field of international cooperation along the entire humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) spectrum to better gauge the usefulness of bilateral collaborative action in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Both the corresponding...

This study takes a critical look at Franco-German relations in the field of international cooperation along the entire humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) spectrum to better gauge the usefulness of bilateral collaborative action in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Both the corresponding...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of international protection status determination, including refugee status and subsidiary protection. The report provides information on the security situation, the treatment of selected profiles by state and...

Once viewed by Ankara primarily as a fragmented security frontier, Iraq now sits at the centre of its regional strategy. This recalibration is shaped by shifting regional dynamics in the aftermath of 7 October: the weakening of Iran’s influence across multiple fronts, the Gulf states’ rising...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection, and in particular for use in updating EUAA's country guidance document on Iraq. This report should be read in...

The purpose of this report is to provide relevant information for the assessment of applications for international protection, including refugee status and subsidiary protection, and in particular for use in updating EUAA's country guidance document on Iraq. In order to support the assessment of...

The current investigation aims to demonstrate the impact of strategic psychology, specifically empowerment, inspiration, and profound knowledge, on the achievement of exceptional performance in corporate organizations. The basic data was gathered by means of a questionnaire as a component of an...

The 2024 Article IV Consultation highlights that domestic stability has improved since the new government took office in October 2022, facilitating the passage of Iraq's first three-year budget, which entailed a large fiscal expansion starting in 2023. The ongoing fiscal expansion is expected to...

The Government of Iraq has embarked on a considerable modernization journey for the General Commission for Taxes (GCT) with the goal of expanding the revenue base following a tax/GDP decline of 1 percentage point in 2022 (from 2 percent in 2020). Taking into account the internal and external...

A pension system is at the heart of social protection. By ensuring income security for older persons and other vulnerable groups, it prevents poverty, reduces inequality, and facilitates consumption smoothing. A pension system also affects the working population's labor market choices and has...

The study aims to identify the effect of the CEO and audit committee characteristics on financial performance. To achieve the study's goal, panel data was adopted for 43 private Iraqi banks from 2018 to 2022 with 215 observations. The data was analyzed using Stata. Three models were used to...

Purpose Iraqi society has suffered from loss or fragility of human security since 2003. The developmental policies, programs and plans of the successive Iraqi Governments throughout the transitional period have not been able to achieve human security, despite the availability of different...

Payment clearing is important to ensure that the payment is transferred or the cash from one bank account moves to the other bank. The banking system in Iraq follows two sorts of clearance systems which are the IBCS (Inter Bank Clearing System) and C-ACH (Check Automated Clearing House System)....

The importance of small and medium-sized enterprises has increased in recent years because of their important role in economic development. Several studies have pointed to the importance of such projects and their role in reducing transaction costs, enhancing individual interactions and...

Territorial "oil borders" of Dubai and IraqAccording to the recent report of the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, which refers in numbers to the smuggling operations that took place in 2005 and their economic repercussions, estimating the seized funds at a value of one billion dollars, indicating that...

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of borrowing costs on economic growth rates, and achieving sustainable development in Iraq for the period between 2020-2018, according to the content of International Accounting Standard No (23) on borrowing costs, which was adopted by the...

The goal of this study is to look into the hidden dangers of water disputes among Turkey, Syria, and Egypt. Everyone is aware of the fact that natural resources like water is the building block of development of any country. Water is a valuable resource that is becoming increasingly scarce. With...

The unsustainable expansion of Iraq's public sector payroll has been driven by political patronage, the need for job creation, and an oil-dependent economy. With an alarming 80% of the government's budget devoted to the public sector payroll, Iraq's economy and political stability are teetering...

This study sets out to examine state-society relations in Iraq through the conceptual lens of the social contract and also provides a starting point for deriving potential areas of activity for external actors, such as German development cooperation (DC) and technical cooperation (TC). These...

There has been supreme importance to the religious institution in the lives of the populations as it represents one of the most vital factors affecting the course of their lives and the way their civilization progresses. Religious beliefs delineated the wide-ranging structure of human behavior...

This study looks at how to turn e-learning from a defensive strategy for institutions of higher education to continue the academic process in the aftermath of the Corona pandemic to an supportive strategy for developing the educational process in those institutions and taking advantage of the...

The purpose of the research is to assess the influence of empowering women on the growth of entrepreneurial businesses in Iraq, and what are the difficulties that women may face when entering the labor market, which included administrative and financing challenges, in addition to challenges in...

This research aims to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets in Iran, Iraq and Jordan. In order to collect the required data, a standard questionnaire provided in the literature was used. The research period is the second...