Die existentielle Not der Menschen im Gazastreifen prägt derzeit außen- und sicherheitspolitische Debatten. Dort ist die Lage der Zivilbevölkerung besonders dramatisch. Doch auch anderswo - von der Ukraine über Sudan und Myanmar bis zur Demokratischen Republik Kongo und Haiti - haben Kriege...

In 2024, Libya's economic performance reflects the persistent challenges of hydrocarbon dependency compared against nascent signs of broader recovery. The economy recorded a contraction of 0.6 percent for the year, driven primarily by a decline in oil GDP of 6 percent amid political and...

The workshop aimed to explore adaptive IT solutions for enhancing digital tax administration in fragile and conflict-affected states, focusing on modernizing tax systems, improving revenue collection, promoting transparency, and reducing corruption through digitalization strategies

The continued political division and widespread fragilities have hindered the authorities' capacity to control public expenditure and enact necessary reforms. Unless spending is contained, the fiscal and external accounts would remain under pressure. Given the heavy dependence on oil exports and...

Libya's economic outlook relies heavily on the oil and gas sector, which constitutes a significant portion of its GDP, government revenue, and exports. With oil production expected to average 1.1 mbpd in 2024, GDP is anticipated to shrink by 2.7 percent this year. As oil output recovers in 2025...

This study aims to investigate how sustainable innovation (SI) influences the relationship between internal audit effectiveness (IAE) and sustainability auditing (SA) practices in Libya's public sector, providing valuable insights into its implications for public finance governance and financial...

This study takes a critical look at Franco-German relations in the field of international cooperation along the entire humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) spectrum to better gauge the usefulness of bilateral collaborative action in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Both the corresponding...

This study takes a critical look at Franco-German relations in the field of international cooperation along the entire humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) spectrum to better gauge the usefulness of bilateral collaborative action in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Both the corresponding...

The European Commission, Italy, and Greece are seeking to curb irregular migration through Libya. These efforts come at a time when several aspects of European Union (EU) migration policy in Libya must be acknowledged as having failed. This is particularly true of attempts to improve conditions...

Die existentielle Not der Menschen im Gazastreifen prägt derzeit außen- und sicherheitspolitische Debatten. Dort ist die Lage der Zivilbevölkerung besonders dramatisch. Doch auch anderswo - von der Ukraine über Sudan und Myanmar bis zur Demokratischen Republik Kongo und Haiti - haben Kriege...

Gängige Ansätze zur Analyse islamistischer Mobilisierung können schwer erklären, warum sich militant islamistische Bewegungen in Libyen nach 2011 zunächst rasch ausbreiteten und dann wie über Nacht fast völlig verschwanden. Ihr Niedergang stellt für herkömmliche Analysemuster ein...

Libya remains a fragile state trapped in political uncertainty. Episodes of active conflict have become less frequent, but the country remains de facto divided between the West and the East and fragmented among various militias with competing objectives. The political economy constraints and...

There are still a number of UN arms embargoes in place to prevent the flow of arms and military material into conflict zones. Although the UN Security Council is not generally deadlocked on this issue, it has only taken relevant decisions to re-design the embargoes in a few cases over the last...

Changes in the sentiment of migration-related news published in destination countries affect the timing of migrants' journeys to these countries. Using geo-localized data on migrants in Libya and the complete record of news articles in their country of destination, this paper shows that a...

Prevailing approaches to understanding Islamist mobilisation struggle to explain why militant Islamist movements in Libya initially spread rapidly after 2011 and then disappeared almost overnight. Their decline poses a puzzle for conventional analyses. Tactical choices, such as the search for...

Libya's medium-term growth and development challenges are major and pressing. Key among these is to accelerate and stabilize growth: GDP per capita shrank by 54 percent between 2010 and 2022. Furthermore, Libya's economy was among the most volatile during the past decade due to the conflict,...

The objective of the RDNA is to estimate the impact of the storm and floods on physical assets and service delivery in the most affected areas and take stock of the ensuing recovery needs. The RDNA covers 20 municipalities and provides indepth analysis of the five most affected cities (Derna,...

METAC assisted the Libyan Tax Authority in reviewing tax forms to enhance taxpayer data collection. The proposed data set will significantly expand existing information, improving the completeness of taxpayer records and greatly aiding the risk assessment process

In den vergangenen 10 Jahren haben die drei verbündeten Regierungen Ägyptens, Saudi-Arabiens und der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate (VAE) erheblichen Einfluss auf Entwicklungen im Nahen und Mittleren Osten genommen. Gemeinsames Ziel war es, demokratische Transformation zu verhindern, den...

Die seit 2011 in Libyen entstandenen bewaffneten Gruppen haben in den letzten Jahren einen Marsch durch die Institutionen vollzogen. Mittlerweile sind ihre Vertreter sowohl in Armee und Sicherheitsapparat als auch in zivilen Regierungsämtern auf der Spitzenebene angekommen. Zugleich üben sie...

Objectives: This study examines the convergence of smuggling and trafficking in persons along the Central Mediterranean Route (CMR) to Europe. We explore where and how these phenomena blur, impacting states’ obligations and policy decisions. Methods: We analyse 71 interviews with migrants who...

In May 2017, the Egyptian armed forces conducted airstrikes against non-State targets in the neighbouring State of Libya in response to a series of attacks perpetrated against groups of Coptic Christians on Egyptian territory, killings later claimed by the self-styled Islamic State. In...

The banking system in Libya has been facing various challenges due to the political ‎instability and divided governance in the country. This situation has created unique ‎features for the financial sector in Libya. This study aims to explore the relationship ‎between transformational...

Conventional literature on sanctions tends to overfocus on measuring their political efficacy on targeted countries, accused of carrying out terrorist activities. More critically, other studies have focused on the ethical problems arising from the consequences that sanctions have on entire...

While armed clashed have declined, Libya continues to face fragmentation and fragility. The country's fragility is having far-reaching economic and social impact. Social conditions and public service delivery have been affected. Similar to numerous conflict-affected countries, the World Bank...

Die seit 2011 in Libyen entstandenen bewaffneten Gruppen haben in den letzten Jahren einen Marsch durch die Institutionen vollzogen. Mittlerweile sind ihre Vertreter sowohl in Armee und Sicherheitsapparat als auch in zivilen Regierungsämtern auf der Spitzenebene angekommen. Zugleich üben sie...

In den vergangenen 10 Jahren haben die drei verbündeten Regierungen Ägyptens, Saudi-Arabiens und der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate (VAE) erheblichen Einfluss auf Entwicklungen im Nahen und Mittleren Osten genommen. Gemeinsames Ziel war es, demokratische Transformation zu verhindern, den...

The armed groups that have formed in Libya since 2011 have progressively taken over the state. They are undergoing a process of institutionalisation, and their representatives are reaching the top levels of the army, the security apparatus and the civilian government. At the same time, they are...

This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of the challenges facing the banking sector in Libya and puts forward reforms to strengthen financial stability and accelerate credit growth. Priority reforms are identified using the 2012 sound principles for effective supervision, issued by the...

This 2023 Article IV Consultation discusses that Libya's institutional framework has helped the country through a period of significant macroeconomic volatility and turmoil. There have been exceptional swings in oil production and revenues since 2011. The economy contracted sharply in 2020 due...

Speaking at the inauguration ceremony in June after being sworn in for the third time as the president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised the nation that his policies in the coming five years would "crown the second century of the republic with the Century of Türkiye". Turkey has...

Qatar's domestic and foreign policy since the 1990s has developed along three main lines: The emirate has expanded its gas production and supplies liquefied gas to as many countries as possible; it assures itself of US military protection by providing bases; and it conducts a "soft power"...

Calls for an independent European security policy have increased following the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan and the AUKUS submarine deal, but does the EU currently have the forces it needs to deal with a short-term security emergency on its own? Given the importance of...

Libya is struggling to cope with a trifecta of crises, including the civil conflict, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and most recently, the impact of the Russia-Ukraine crisis. Notwithstanding the tempering of conflict intensity since 2021, the Libyan economy has been battered by the...

The formation of the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) has been greatly affected by instability in the country. The stock market has been active, inactive, active and inactive since its inception in 2006. On the other end, there has been a growing concern and existence of constant pressure to activate...

Prior to the conflict, Libya used to be one of the most developed countries in the North African region, with relatively comprehensive public services and a significant number of contributory and non-contributory benefits supported by a robust social protection legal framework. In the aftermath...