This article presents a game-theoretic model analyzing the strategic competition between hard and fiat money, involving a representative player and a consolidated bank (including the central bank). The findings reveal counterintuitive interactions between inflation, interest rates, and monetary...

This working paper integrates the credit money approach (associated with Post Keynesian endogenous money theory) with the state money approach (associated with Modern Money Theory) by drawing on Wray's 1990 book (Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: The Endogenous Money Approach, Edward...

Research background: Despite the fact that the issue of private, decentralized digital money (cryptocurrencies) is already quite extensively described in the literature dedicated to the financial system, especially its periphery, there is a deficiency in terms of research on the opinions of...

This study investigated the extent of currency competition within the cryptocurrency market through the Hayek's concept of the denationalization of money, Hayek's original analysis primarily centered on competition revolving around the medium of the exchange function, This study posited that...

This paper presents a model in which private banknotes have value because they serve as a means of repayment. Banks produce banknotes to grant loans and only accept banknotes in return, creating demand for them. Despite lack of production costs and reserve requirements, the equilibrium quantity...

We develop a dynamic model for digital service firms, which invest in monetization to generate revenues from services provided to customers for free. Our model captures and explains why such firms often build a large customer base and become highly valued while continuing to suffer...

We investigate monopolistic tendencies and the intensity of currency competition on the crypto market in the light of Hayek’s "Denationalization of money". Interestingly, Hayek never considered differentiation and specialization by innovative private currencies could lead lasting currency...

Central banks can operate with negative equity, and many have done so in history without undermining trust in fiat money. However, there are limits. How negative can central bank equity be before fiat money loses credibility? We address this question using a global games approach motivated by...

"In 1690, the Massachusetts Bay Colony became the first government in the Western world to print paper money, the imagery for which initiated an indigenous American art form of remarkable dynamism and originality. After the Revolutionary War, disillusioned by how quickly its promiscuous printing...

We analyse the drivers of Bitcoin transactions against 44 fiat currencies in the largest peer-to-peer crypto exchanges. Momentum and volatility in the cryptoasset market, as well as volatility and liquidity in global financial markets do matter for Bitcoin trading. There is suggestive evidence...

Due to the increasing role of digital payments, demand for commercial bank money and nonbank money is expanding, while that for physical cash is sharply diminishing. The retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) is considered the only safe alternative to compensate for this decrease, as a...

Robert Hoffert, in The Politics of Tension, describes the national narrative myth as “a homogenized” account of the events surrounding the calling of the Convention. Hoffert writes, “By starting their national story in 1787, American (historians) schooled themselves on a homogenized...

New France, like most European colonies in the New World, suffered from a persistent shortage of metal coins. As Quebec’s imports were limited by French mercantilist policies, their standards of living were constrained by their ability to export a few primary products (mostly fur, cod, timber...

The treasury analogy is widely used in most countries in the execution of fiscal policies striving to match taxation with public expenditure while, at the same time, the central banks tinker with interest rates and reserve requirements and conduct open market operations for regulating money...

The purpose of this article is to evaluate if cryptocurrencies that have robust technology and anonymous features can be the money of the future. In this study, the transition phases of paper money, which started to be used at the beginning of the 17th century, to bank money, then banknotes and...

The Hudson's Bay Company issued promissory notes from 1820 to 1870 that served as paper money in the Red River Colony (near present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba) and adjacent parts of what is now Canada and the United States. These notes are a fascinating artefact of the fur trade, which the HBC...

The return of inflation has revived some of the policy discussions that typically accompany inflationary episodes. Most of these discussions ignore the more fundamental question of why we operate in a world of unbacked, or fiat, money? This article, after providing a basic introductory model of...

For one variable-supply currency in isolation, one player's Cobb-Douglas utility depends on the current supply divided by the initial supply, multiplied by the inverse of the accumulative inflation/deflation. With equal weight assigned to both factors, money printing outweighs inflation, and...

Chapter 1: Introduction and overview -- Chapter 2: Fiat money: History and features -- Chapter 3: Financial Technology sectors and business models -- Chapter 4: Cryptocurrency -- Chapter 5: Central bank digital currency -- Chapter 6: Neobanks -- Chapter 7: Digital currencies’ implications for...

I introduce money into an incomplete markets model with heterogeneous agents and uninsurable income risk. I show that the model exhibits both non-monetary and monetary equilibria, with the latter existing when income risk is sufficiently high. Using numerical methods, I characterize the...

The properties of money commonly referenced in the economics literature were originally identified by Jevons (1876) and Menger (1892) in the late 1800s and were intended to describe physical currencies, such as commodity money, metallic coins, and paper bills. In the digital era, many...

Purpose The article examines Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabauwi's initial concept of paper money, which in the early 20th century wrote Risala Raf'u Al-Iltibas. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a qualitative approach based on the critical extraction analysis that can reveal a set of...

Cryptocurrency is private money and is costly to produce. In this paper, I ask whether cryptocurrency can serve as a medium of exchange, and whether it can coexist with fiat money as a widely accepted medium of exchange. To answer these questions, I develop two search-theoretic models: a model...

This paper begins by developing a framework for price and interest rate determination under suspension of convertibility during the national banking period. The model is applied to interpret unanticipated price level shocks and expected deflation during the period of green back inconvertibility(...

New France, like most European colonies in the New World, suffered from a persistent shortage of metal coins. As Quebec could only legally import from France, their standards of living were constrained by their ability to export a few primary products (mostly fur, cod, timber and wheat)....