ypical debt sustainability metrics characterize Kenya's sovereign debt as "unsustainable" since around 2019. Further, the data show that, over time, commercial banks' private sector lending has declined while lending to the government has grown. Given these observations, this study examines...

This paper examines the resource mismatch in China's healthcare sector from 2010 to 2019. We use structural efficiency to measure the resource mismatch in the healthcare industry (0.2-0.7). We find that an increase in the proportion of private hospitals decreases the healthcare resource mismatch...

In recent years, Jordan has increasingly strengthened its commitment to enhancing public service delivery through digital public infrastructure (DPI). DPI refers to foundational and reusable digital platforms and building blocks-such as digital ID, digital payments, and data sharing-that...

As disasters caused by natural hazards, health emergencies, and other crises become more frequent and complex, the demand for effective crisis preparedness and response tools has never been greater. In response to these evolving challenges, the World Bank (WB) has continuously adapted its crisis...

This Brief studies patterns of political engagement among private firms in the European Union (EU). Using representative data, allowing for analysis at the level of NUTS2 regional groupings (EU regions varying from about 800,000 to 3 million inhabitants), various patterns of engagement emerge....

ypical debt sustainability metrics characterize Kenya's sovereign debt as "unsustainable" since around 2019. Further, the data show that, over time, commercial banks' private sector lending has declined while lending to the government has grown. Given these observations, this study examines...

This study examines factors influencing full (FP) versus partial (PP) privatization and how markets respond to government control in PP and FP firms. Exploiting China's 2005 NTS reform as a natural experiment, we find that treated PP firms experienced significantly lower post-reform performance,...

The report assesses two Department of Education's (DepEd) student financial assistance schemes under the Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE) program. Those schemes are the Educational Service Contracting (ESC) and the Senior High School Voucher (SHSV)...

The railway sector is essential to economic growth and connectivity, offering efficient and sustainable transport solutions. However, growing threats from climate change and natural disasters are placing increasing strain on railway infrastructure. To maintain long-term operational stability,...

Both World Bank shareholders and the Bank’s management have emphasised the need for large-scale private investment to achieve development and climate goals. For the World Bank Group, this means collaborating more closely between its different institutions, an issue that World Bank President...

This Policy Support Facility (PSF) report responds to the request of the Office of the Prime Minister of Finland to explore the obstacles that hinder public-private R&D collaboration within Finland's research and innovation (R&I) ecosystem and to provide operational recommendations to the...

This paper estimates a New Keynesian model with a nonlinearity in the monetary policy rule to capture the practice of inflation targeting with target zones or tolerance bands. Private-sector agents form subjective expectations, update their beliefs over time using a perceived model of the...

The substantial increase in public sector wages in Mongolia introduced in the 2023 supplementary budget has raised concerns about its potential spillover effects on private sector wages and subsequent inflationary pressures. Furthermore, both public and private sector wages have grown on average...

The transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy is urgently needed to mitigate the profound impacts of climate change. However, this essential transition presents one of the greatest socioeconomic challenges of our era, particularly in terms of employment. Millions of workers in fossil...

Nigeria has the potential to become an economic powerhouse. Its large and growing population and its regional trade ties through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) offer the potential for expanded markets for goods and services. Nigeria's population is projected to grow by 45...

Existing literature on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disclosure has paid little attention to private firms, despite the fact that this type of firm is responsible for significant GHG emissions. This study empirically analyzes the GHG disclosure of German private firms. The results suggest that...

Based on extensive research-including 38 interview respondents, four focus groups, participant observation, and extensive document analysis throughout Southeastern California-this article examines perceived patterns of corruption associated with a rapid boom in utility-scale solar energy...

Selon les estimations, la région du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord (MENA) a connu une croissance modeste de 1,9 % en 2024 et devrait croître modérément à 2,6 % en 2025. Cela s'inscrit dans un contexte d'incertitude mondiale accrue, en particulier en matière de politique commerciale....

GoBs are goods for which agents have non-monotonic preferences: more is beneficial only up to an ideal level, beyond which additional quantities become undesirable. We analyze public GoBs (non-excludable and non-rival) through a theoretical framework applicable to diverse contexts such as solar...

Finland has a long-standing tradition of excellence in research and innovation (R&I), supported by high level of public investment and strong societal trust in science. Finnish authorities have set an ambitious goal of increasing R&D intensity to 4% by 2030 and are significantly increasing...

Blockchain technology (BT) can potentially enhance transparency, efficiency, and trust across all domains. However, it remains unclear how the relative adoption of BT between the private and public sectors compares in light of existing studies. This article contributes to the literature by...

This paper builds upon the work of McCaffrey (2016) who explores how economics can enhance entrepreneurship education. We extended the work of McCaffrey in two distinct ways. First, we emphasize the economic understanding every private enterprise needs to be successful. Second, we developed...

Purpose - This study examines the earnings quality of private-subsidiary firms using a large sample data from India. Design/methodology/approach - The impact of parent-subsidiary relationship on earnings quality is examined using two common proxies. Findings are robust to alternative research...

This paper estimates high-dimensional fixed effects models using detailed administrative data to characterize the public-private wage gap in Lithuania between 2010 and 2020. We quantify that public sector employees earn, on average, 10% more than their private sector counterparts. A...