Background: Many refugees arrived in Germany in 2015 and 2016. At the same time, anti-refugee attitudes among Germans increased. This indicates an association between immigration and attitudes. Now, ten years later, renewed public concern about immigration - while not many immigrate to Germany -...

Die Bedarfe an neuen Wohnungen und Häusern sind in vielen Städten und Gemeinden sehr hoch und werden nicht durch ein ausreicheichendes Wohnungsangebot gedeckt. Insgesamt werden im Zeitraum 2021 bis 2025 jedes Jahr 372.600 neue Wohnungen benötigt. Zwischen 2021 und 2023 wurden hingegen...

Monetary policy implementation in a federal country requires both vertical (national and subnational governments) and horizontal (between subnational jurisdictions) institutional coordination. The optimal centralized monetary policy is blind and potentially nonheterogeneous at the subnational...

Institutional theory argues that the primary objective of organizational change is formal legitimacy. In other words, organizations adapt their internal characteristics in order to conform with the expectations of the key stakeholders in their environment. In this regard, the promulgation of the...

We study the influence of agricultural labor intensity on individualism across U.S. counties. To measure historical labor intensity in agriculture we combine data on crop-specific labor requirements and county-specific crop mix around 1900. To address endogeneity we exploit climate-induced...

This paper examines the implications of a carbon-constrained future on coal-reliant county governments in the United States. We review modeling projections of coal production under reference and climate policy scenarios and argue that some state and local governments face important revenue...

This paper decomposes consumption risk sharing among provinces in China over the 1980-2007 period. We find that 9.4 percent of the shocks to gross provincial product are smoothed by the interprovincial fiscal transfer system. This system also cushions a relatively large fraction of the...

In this paper, we use provincial panel data on China for the 2002-19 period to conduct a spatial autocorrelation analysis of household saving rates as well as a dynamic panel analysis of the determinants of household saving rates using a spatial Durbin model. To summarize our main findings, we...

Developing economic activities in Yazd Province, Iran, has been carried out at the request of investors and following decisions of the Provincial Planning and Development Council over the last 40 years. This paper aims to support the council's decision by developing an analytical procedure for...

This paper provides evidence on the consumption effects of trade shocks by exploiting changes in US and Chinese trade policy between 2017 and 2018. The analysis uses a unique data set with the universe of new auto sales at the US county level, at a monthly frequency, and a simple...

Background: Measuring chronological age alone does not provide sufficient context for understanding the impact of ageing on societal resource planning. The burden of age-related diseases (ARDs) reflects age-related morbidity and mortality at the population level, which unveils the underlying...

From past empirical works, the role of expenditure on economic growth appears to provide inconclusive results. Despite this uncertainty, public finance theory suggests that expenditure induce growth. In Kenya, economic growth has been fluctuating despite the devolved expenditure increasing over...

The Republican Party has been the party most supportive of free trade in American politics for half a century. Donald Trump, the 45th US president, held a different stance from his party on free trade. We assess how Trump's China tariffs in mid-2018 impacted the performance of his party in its...

Provincial coinage gives us a unique insight into the Roman world, reflecting the values and concerns of the elites of the many hundreds of cities in the Roman empire. Coins offer a very different perspective from written history, which usually represents the views of the senatorial class, and...