This paper examines the role of foreign exchange reserve demand in mitigating inflationary pressures resulting from money supply growth in reserve currency issuing states (RCISs). Despite recurrent substantial monetary expansions in RCISs in response to recessions such as the 2000 Post-Dot Com...

The dominance of the U.S. dollar in the global financial system remains the key pillar of international trade and monetary stability but faces growing challenges in a rapidly changing world. Historically rooted in the Bretton Woods system and the establishment of the petrodollar system, the...

This paper provides econometric evidence in support of the view that since President Trump's chaotic tariff announcements on Liberation Day, April 2, the dollar has switched from being a safe-haven currency that appreciates in times of market volatility to a "risk-on" currency that moves...

What can we learn from the high-frequency responses in bond and currency markets to the recent tariff announcement about the status of the U.S. dollar as the global reserve currency? The dollar depreciated by 6.5% after April 1 in spite of rising U.S. interest rates and market volatility, which...

Recently, there has been increasing research interest in the historical composition of central bank reserves. However, studies in this area is hindered by a lack of data, as such data spanning multiple centuries is only available for a small number of countries. This paper presents an empirical...

Geopolitical fragmentation triggers complex dynamics in international trade. This paper examines the effects of sanctions through the lens of a stylized model and the empirical analysis of Türkiye’s exports to Russia in the aftermath of Western measures imposed on Russia following its...

This 24th annual review of the international role of the euro presents an overview of developments in the use of the euro by non-euro area residents in 2024. This was a year that saw continuing geopolitical tensions, decreases in policy interest rates and further declines in inflation in the...

This 24th annual review of the international role of the euro presents an overview of developments in the use of the euro by non-euro area residents in 2024. This was a year that saw continuing geopolitical tensions, decreases in policy interest rates and further declines in inflation in the...

This paper examines the persistence and challenges of dollar supremacy in the international monetary system, from Bretton Woods to digital stablecoins. It highlights structural supports for dollar dominance, such as deep U.S. financial markets and commodity pricing, but also explores...

This paper examines the persistence and challenges of dollar supremacy in the international monetary system, from Bretton Woods to digital stablecoins. It highlights structural supports for dollar dominance, such as deep U.S. financial markets and commodity pricing, but also explores...

Der US-Dollar verliert an Reservewährungsdominanz. Bisher konnte der Euro davon kaum profitieren. Wir untersuchen, ob eine stärkere Internationalisierung des Euro wünschenswert wäre. Dazu analysieren wir die strukturellen Vor- und Nachteile einer Reservewährung und quantifizieren die...

The recent period has seen an upsurge in predictions that the dollar's international dominance will soon be challenged by a rival currency, with the euro currently tipped as the leading contender. This paper counters these predictions. It argues that the overestimation of the euro's ability to...

Global uncertainty and the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted the integration of emerging economies into global financial markets. Post-pandemic, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hikes have drawn investor attention to relatively independent and stable currencies. This study...

In this paper, we examine the prospects for, and implications of, the dollar's continued pivotal role in the international financial system. We find, first, that the dollar remains dominant by a wide margin and will likely retain its dominance for the foreseeable future-none of the other...

In what ways might the digital renminbi (RMB), also known as e-CNY, bolster China's efforts to internationalize its currency? Utilizing Susan Strange's concept of currency negotiation and borrowing the concept of infrastructures from science, technology, and society studies, this article argues...

This 23rd annual review of the international role of the euro presents an overview of developments in the use of the euro by non-euro area residents in 2023. This was a year that saw continuing geopolitical tensions, increases in policy interest rates and inflation declining from high levels in...

This 23rd annual review of the international role of the euro presents an overview of developments in the use of the euro by non-euro area residents in 2023. This was a year that saw continuing geopolitical tensions, increases in policy interest rates and inflation declining from high levels in...

This paper provides insights into the determinants of currency choice in cross-border bank lending, such as bilateral distance, financial and trade linkages to issuer countries of major currencies, and invoicing currency patterns. Cross-border bank lending in US dollars, and particularly in...

In this paper, we examine the prospects for, and implications of, the dollar's continued pivotal role in the international financial system. We find, first, that the dollar remains dominant by a wide margin and will likely retain its dominance for the foreseeable future-none of the other...

This study examines the role of the Chinese renminbi (RMB) as an international anchor currency. After China abandoned its tight US dollar (USD) peg in 2005, the RMB found greater popularity as a reserve currency. This change in the RMB's role reflected China's growing presence in the global...

This policy brief presents a new comprehensive dataset on the currency compositions of international reserves of 64 economies from 1996 to 2023. The dataset contains country-specific shares in international reserves for the eight major international currencies, i.e. the United States Dollar...

This article explores the dynamics of international currency competition and de-dollarization, focusing on the current dominance of the US dollar and potential challenges from the Chinese renminbi and BRICS countries. It reviews recent literature on currency statecraft, the political economy of...

Several commentaries are written about de-dollarization. We analyze the factors which are contributing to de-dollarization and provide an alternative assessment. On the economic front, the US economy's reduced fiscal and financial capacity can strain economic trust in the dollar. The...

In China, money, currency and payment transactions are manifestations of state sovereignty and political power. The primary objective of Chinese monetary policy is to maintain domestic stability, expand the scope of its own influence internationally, and reshape the global financial and monetary...

What explains the US dollar's role in the global economy and the tensions affecting its likely persistence? Most analyses start from Triffin's dilemma, which accurately captured specific but partial tensions of a global monetary system based on essentially fixed exchange rates, gold backing for...

This article investigates fve safe-haven asset responses from 2014 to 2022, includ‑ ing the unprecedented COVID-19 crisis, Russian invasion of Ukraine, and sharp US inter‑ est rate increases of 2015 and 2022. We apply the unique approach of the multivariate factor stochastic volatility (MSV)...

The inquiry into the global significance of the euro, which is the second most important currency in the international financial system after the US dollar (hereinafter, the dollar), should be treated as a priority in efforts to strengthen the EU’s strategic autonomy. The main obstacles...

After decades of increasing global economic integration, the world is facing a growing risk of geoeconomic fragmentation, with potentially far-reaching implications for the global economy and the international monetary system. Against this background, this paper studies how geopolitical...

A B S T R A C TThe International Monetary Fund (IMF) created the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) with 16-currencies in 1969 as a reserve asset and a unit of account. In 1980, the IMF modified the composition of and weights to calculate the exchange rate on 5-currency basket. This paper mainly...

This paper provides evidence that the U.S. dollar affects countries' exports through the financial channel of the exchange rate (Bruno and Shin (2015)). Using global data on trade between countries whose currency is not the U.S. dollar, it documents a positive relationship between the dollar and...

As China's position in the global economy has gradually improved, the importance of debates on the role of the renminbi in the international monetary system has significantly increased. This paper uses bibliometric methods-Bibliometrix R-package and its web-based graphical interface...

The risk sensitivity of international capital flow pressures is explored using a new Exchange Market Pressure index that combines pressures observed in exchange rate adjustments with model-based estimates of incipient pressures that are masked by foreign exchange interventions and policy rate...