In order to exercise their rights, authors and performers typically transfer those rights to third parties. The rules and practices governing such transfers vary across Member States (MS) and sectors (i.e. music, audiovisual, visual arts, literary works or videogames). Additionally, it is worth...

In order to exercise their rights, authors and performers typically transfer those rights to third parties. The rules and practices governing such transfers vary across Member States (MS) and sectors (i.e. music, audiovisual, visual arts, literary works or videogames). Additionally, it is worth...

This study covered the whole EU through information and data gathered during the desk research and the interviews with EU umbrella organisations. The national fieldwork focused on a sample of 18 EU Member States, namely: the Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia,...

This study is designed to clarify how GenAI systems interact with copyright - technically, legally, and economically. It examines how copyright-protected content is used in training models, what the applicable EU legal framework is, how creators can reserve their rights through opt-out...

The JURI Committee workshop on generative AI and copyright was held on June 4, 2025. Prof. Dr Lucchi presented a study requested by the Committee on the legal aspects of the phenomenon. The complex relationship between copyright and generative AI from the perspective of technological and...

This study examines how generative AI challenges core principles of EU copyright law. It highlights the legal mismatch between AI training practices and current text and data mining exceptions, and the uncertain status of AI-generated content. These developments pose structural risks for the...

The JURI Committee workshop on generative AI and copyright was held on June 4, 2025. Prof. Dr Lucchi presented a study requested by the Committee on the legal aspects of the phenomenon. The complex relationship between copyright and generative AI from the perspective of technological and...

This study examines how generative AI challenges core principles of EU copyright law. It highlights the legal mismatch between AI training practices and current text and data mining exceptions, and the uncertain status of AI-generated content. These developments pose structural risks for the...

In today’s digitally interconnected world, copyright infringement frequently crosses national borders, presenting complex legal challenges for effective enforcement of intellectual property rights in general, and copyright in particular. This paper examines the challenges associated with...

This in-depth analysis explains the statistical nature of generative AI and how training on copyright-protected data results in persistent functional dependencies with respect to the used data. It highlights the challenges of attribution and novelty detection in these high-dimensional models,...

This in-depth analysis explains the statistical nature of generative AI and how training on copyright-protected data results in persistent functional dependencies with respect to the used data. It highlights the challenges of attribution and novelty detection in these high-dimensional models,...

This paper deals with the price discrimination issue when a producer applies one price to a buyer in one selling location and another at another selling location for the same product. The specific case under consideration is the consumption of copyrighted products in television broadcasts and...

This paper analyzes the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) on industrial designs, and the manner in which the narrow aspects dealt with by the Agreement have been addressed by European Union (EU) legislation. The paper...

Developed with intellectual property (IP) practitioners in national judicial authorities in mind, this report aims to provide a better understanding of how criminal infringements of copyrights are legislated and enforced across Member States of the European Union. Its focus are online criminal...

Since the emergence of soundtracks, the music industry has been largely driven by innovation. The technological advances of the 20th century have significantly impacted society and the economy. Rapid development and use of the internet, in particular, strongly transform the music...

The rapid integration of generative AI (GenAI) into industries and society has prompted a re-evaluation of copyright and intellectual property rights (IPR) frameworks. GenAI's ability to produce original content using data from human-created sources raises critical ethical and legal concerns....

On 1 August 2024, the EU Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act) came into force after a difficult road. Originally conceived purely as a product safety law, the regulation has developed in reaction to public debate to include the protection of copyright used to train generative AI models...

Human-created works represent critical data inputs to artificial intelligence (AI). Strategic behaviour can play a major role for AI training datasets, be it in limiting access to existing works or in deciding which types of new works to create or whether to create new works at all. We examine...

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) models have stirred considerable controversy about copyright protection for AI training inputs and model outputs. The European Union's AI Act will require model developers to be transparent about their use of training inputs such as text, images and...

Responding to frustrations with the enforcement of copyright on YouTube, some creators publish videos that discuss their experiences, challenge claims of infringement, and critique broader structures of content moderation. Platform callouts, or public complaints about the conduct of or on...

Digitization has importantly expanded the scope for reusing music in movies, a process known as music synchronization. We use panel data on Netflix and Shazam to estimate the causal effect of music synchronization on the discovery of reused songs. Our results show that songs are substantially...

The deep structural inequalities in the information ecosystem are increasingly visible as states vie for their right to govern information flows and technology, with profound ramifications on journalism far beyond their borders. This paper analyzes how a constellation of globally influential...

Taking a comparative approach, this paper provides a legal commentary on the copyright disputes over the work of Samuel Beckett. This paper highlights conflicts in respect of copyright law and dramatic works within the performing arts community. It provides a comparative analysis of copyright...

There is a built-in tension between the perception of copyright law as promoting a delicate balance between the interests of creators, distributions, and users of information goods and contract law’s laissez-faire philosophy. Legal systems need to decide how to approach this tension and...

Copyright, at international, European, and national levels, does not provide a legal framework that prioritizes enabling and incentivizing research using protected works and information to the extent necessary and desirable in a digital, data-driven society in order to build a sustainable...

The practice of copyright was once a perfect balance, reflecting the intent of the Founders to create an environment where new works were constantly made available to the public for consumption and use. The author would create a work, a user would buy a copy and be free to use it. Neither party...

Copyright law grants the exclusive right to copyright owners so that they have adequate financial incentives to create and innovate. However, when firms are copyright owners, they can leverage the exclusive right to sell or distribute products exclusively. This paper studies the music streaming...

Late last year, a federal court sided with the Department of Justice and blocked the planned merger of book publishers Simon & Schuster and Penguin Random House. The decision was a rare collision between antitrust law and the deeply consolidated copyright content industries. Over the course of...

“Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: 2022 Report”, examines the contribution of copyright industries to the U.S. economy. Dr. Dutra and Dr. Stoner expanded on previous versions of the report by demonstrating that the core copyright industries of the United States also play a vital role...

In the era of digitisation, datafication and computational uses of works, the scope of EU copyright is expanding and new EU legislative initiatives on data regulation, while aiming in principle at granting access to data, increasingly recognise and reinforce control over data through...

Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe and regional conventions on human rights protection, as well as the discussion about the need for Russia to withdraw from the WTO does not affect the implementation of universal agreements in the field of protection and observance of human rights,...

The study of the relationship between copyright and creativity is a core research program in the field of cultural economics (Weber 2017, Bille etal. 2020). Another part of the canon is that artists gain psychic income from moral rights when a work of art is identified with its creator, whereas...

These comments address several questions raised by the June 9, 2022 Letter of Senators Patrick Leahy and Thom Tillis, which prompted the Non-Fungible Token Study being conducted by the United States Copyright Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) (collectively, the...

The intricacy and segmentation of video games, as well as specific issues with a particular video like trademark registration and directly protected content like sound effects, cause a variety of legal difficulties and challenges for the IPR system. Video game legal protection is a highly...

The topic outside of Fair Use and the current period of sampling being employed as a method of production in the music industry will be covered in the current paper. It will examine the various legislation of the nations with relation to the defense of copyright holders' rights. Although there...

This Comment discusses three major copyright questions raised by non-fungible tokens (NFTs) creation and distribution in the digital art world. First, how does employing AI in the creation of generative and derivative digital art and NFTs affect the copyright requirements of authorship? Second,...

The adoption of Open Educational Resources (OERs) in schools and universities is a phenomenon on the rise also in Europe. Increasingly relying on digital, open, freely adaptable materials that are specifically designed for educational purposes is not only a response to the disruptions brought by...

We use the 1910 Copyright Code of the Great Qing Dynasty (the Qing Copyright Code) as a lens to understand China’s initial encounter with international intellectual property norms, examine the dynamic political economy in which the law was enacted, and provide an overview of the structure and...