History shows militarily dominant states that pursue imperialism, relying on their might to extort resources from weaker states. Occasionally, the latter revolt and the dominant state suffers some casualties. This paper explores imperialism along steady-growth paths. If the dominant state...

The Chinese economy has experienced strong economic growth for more than four decades since the implementation of the Open Door Policy in 1978. The local governments of the Chinese provinces played a decisive role in implementing the ambitious development goals envisioned by the central...

Technological change, an overwhelming fact in recent socioeconomic history, involves, as Joseph A. Schumpeter famously put it, "creative destruction" on a large scale: it gives rise to new goods, production methods, firms, organisations, and jobs, while rendering some received ones obsolete. Its...

What sparked humanity's leap from stagnation to prosperity? What lies at the core of inequality among nations? Unified Growth Theory explores the evolution of societies over the entire course of human history. It uncovers the universal wheels of change that have governed the journey of humanity,...

This contribution reviews key developments in Kaleckian economics after Kalecki, with a focus on its application to mature capitalist economies. Rather than revisiting interpretations of Kalecki's original work, the contribution highlights subsequent theoretical and empirical extensions. It...

Scrutinizing post-Keynesian theory of endogenous technical progress and Régulation Theory, this paper examines productivity growth and its variation within capitalist economies. The aim is to identify how institutions steer productivity growth. Based on the vast literature demonstrating that...

This paper analyses the contribution of the renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption per capita and the gross fixed capital formation per capita to sustainable economic growth using two models approximated by CES-type functions. Estimates are made by applying the TRANSLOG method....

The standard result in the literature states that balanced growth is only possible with labor-augmenting technological progress. If a more general form of technical progress is considered, the Cobb-Douglas production function is typically required (Uzawa, 1961). However, we show that this result...

This paper deepens the analysis of the income elasticities of import and export demand in relation to the real exchange rate (RER) within a balance of payments constrained growth framework. It identifies how the RER can affect these elasticities and explores the resulting implications. A key...

This paper analyzes the macroeconomic impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) on the Finnish economy, integrating recent literature and empirical evidence into a quantitative multi-sector general equilibrium model. The results indicate that, over a ten-year horizon, GenAI adoption...

Many socio-economic systems require positive economic growth rates to function properly. Given uncertainty about future growth rates and increasing evidence that economic growth is a driver of social and environmental crises, these growth dependencies pose serious societal challenges. In recent...

The neo-Schumpeterian growth models, which appeared in the early 1990s, have ostensibly reintroduced the entrepreneur into mainstream growth theory. However, we show that by ignoring genuine uncertainty and by assuming that profits follow an objectively true and ex ante known probability...

This paper analyzes developmental trajectories in the EU. In doing so, it diagnoses economic polarization on two different levels: for one, we observe a divergence of average incomes across EU countries as a persistent empirical feature associated with European integration. For another, European...

The neo-Schumpeterian growth models, which appeared in the early 1990s, have ostensibly reintroduced the entrepreneur into mainstream growth theory. However, we show that by ignoring genuine uncertainty and by assuming that profits follow an objectively true and ex ante known probability...

The relation between income and democracy remains debated, empirically and theoretically. We propose a broader perspective that goes beyond a uni-directional and monocausal interpretation of the income-democracy nexus by focusing on the neglected role of the transition from economic stagnation...

As the Draghi report shows, Europe needs to undergo a fundamental transformation in order to escape its 'mid-technology trap'. Mainstream economic theory offers little guidance on how to achieve this. A critical review of neoclassical growth theory shows that in these models, growth and...

We present a model of economic growth that bridges Green Growth and Degrowth perspectives. The model demonstrates that a minimum physical per capita consumption level can be maintained without recourse to tech-optimism, and moreover with degrowth in material resource throughput - respecting...

We study a discrete-time optimal growth model with endogenous discounting. The discount factor may depend on both consumption and the capital stock, and intertemporal utility is modeled as a discounted sum of instantaneous utilities, with the sum of discount factors equal to one. We show that...