1. Rebuilding energy security

The European gas market has suffered a fundamental transformation following Russia's war in Ukraine and the consequent end of the EU–Russia energy bridge. This chapter's focus is on European energy security features and challenges. The chapter analyzes the transformation of European gas supplies, in particular the shift from pipeline to LNG as Europe's base load. It assesses the different supply solutions and security consequences. A focus is devoted also to other key dimensions, such as the role of gas storage and demand management. The chapter also draws conclusions regarding the expected trends of gas markets and their fundamentals in light of declining demand and the upcoming new wave of LNG exports.