A comparative analysis of non-discrimination law in Europe 2024 : the 27 EU Member States compared

More than 20 years ago, a major and unprecedented development occurred in the European Union with the adoption in 2000 of two pieces of EU legislation in the field of anti-discrimination: the Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC) and the Employment Equality Directive (2000/78/EC). The transposition and implementation of these legal provisions into the national legal systems of the 27 Member States is described in a series of annually updated country reports produced by the European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination. The European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination was created in 2014, through a call for tenders from the European Commission to create a new single network following the work completed by the European network of legal experts in the non-discrimination field (managed by the Migration Policy Group and Human European Consultancy) and the European network of legal experts in the field of gender equality (managed by Utrecht University). The current network is managed by the Human European Consultancy, the Migration Policy Group and Utrecht University. The network reports annually on the national legal frameworks of the 27 EU Member States compared with the anti-discrimination standards set by the EU. The national reports are written by independent national experts in each country, based on a template that closely follows the provisions of the two directives. The 27 reports cover national law, the establishment of enforcement mechanisms, case law and the adoption of other measures. They contain information current as of 1 January 2024.