A Monte Carlo simulation of thermal-driven fluid: flux rate and density profile

Effects of uniform temperature and linear temperature gradient on flow rate and density profile of fluid driven from a source to an open system is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation in three dimensions. The steady-state density profile with uniform temperature differs significantly from that of the temperature gradient at all but high-temperature regimes, where the profile is a linear density gradient; the crossover to linear density gradient of the profile is sensitive to range of temperature variation. The response of the flow rate density to the temperature is nonlinear.