Access charges in software-based termination monopolies

Digital platforms and data-driven business models have become integral to today's internet economy. Large technology companies like Apple, Google, Amazon and Microsoft exert control over access to online content, products, services and social interactions through their digital ecosystems and associated gatekeeping power. Within these ecosystems, mobile platforms centred around smartphones, operating systems and app stores play an increasingly pivotal role. The recent introduction of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) by the European Union represents a significant development in the regulation of digital platforms and mobile ecosystems. By imposing rules aimed at promoting competition and fair access, the DMA directly motivates an examination of access considerations and pricing structures surrounding digital platforms and app stores. This research report provides an in-depth analysis of the various access modes and stages relevant to apps within dominant digital ecosystems, exploring appropriate remuneration approaches.