Banks in Space: Does Distance Really Affect Cross-Border Banking?

During the last years, gravity equations have leapt from the trade literature over into the literature on financial markets. Martin and Rey (2004) were the first to provide a theoretical model for cross-border asset trade, yielding a structural gravity equation that could be tested empirically. In this paper, I use a gravity model to evaluate factors that affect cross-border banking. Furthermore, I extend the baseline model to allow for third-country effects, which have been shown to matter for international trade, using spatial econometric techniques. I try to answer the following question: First, is there a spatial dimension in cross-border banking? Second, if so, has it changed over time, and third, what happens if this spatial dimension is ignored? I use bilateral data on cross-border banking assets for 15 countries over the time period 1995-2005, and I estimate cross-section regressions for each year. I find strong evidence for a spatial dimension in crossborder banking. Furthermore, the direct effect of distance decreases signficantly when applying spatial econometric techniques.