Bicycling for Transportation : An Evidence-Base for Communities

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 - The Bicycle: A Technological and Social History -- Introduction -- Technological History of the Bicycle -- Social History of the Bicycle -- The Bicycle and Quality Roads in the United States -- The Bicycle and Women's Rights -- The Bicycle and the Auto Age -- International Case Studies: The Bicycle in the 20th Century -- Case Study 1: The Bicycle and the People's Republic -- The Netherlands: Evolution into a Bicycling Nation -- The Bicycle in the United States After World War II -- Bicycling in the United States Today -- Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2 - Benefits and Risks of Bicycling -- Health and Fitness Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise -- Relationship Between Active Transportation and Health -- Relationship Between Biking and Health Across the Lifespan -- Biking and Health in Children and Adolescents -- Biking and Health in Adults -- Biking and Health in Older Adults -- General Risks Associated With Biking -- Risks Related to Psychological Distress -- Risks Related to Safety, and Injury -- Risk of Exposure to Environmental Pollutants -- Do the Benefits of Biking Outweigh the Risks? -- Social Benefits of Biking -- Environmental Benefits -- Pollution and Air Quality -- Congestion and Traffic -- Economic Benefits -- Infrastructure Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Benefits to Business -- Real Estate -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Measuring Bicycling Within the Community -- Introduction -- Objective -- Placing Counters -- Short Term -- Standardized Protocols -- Environmental Audits -- Manual Counting With Technology -- Portable Counters -- Geographic Information Systems -- Global Positioning Systems -- Bluetooth -- Webcams -- Crowdsourcing -- Automated Video Image Processing.